“In the Nigerian Public Service, the spectre of “private interest” looms larger than “public interest”. This calls for restraint and a reorientation of all involved in the governance. The greater responsibility falls on leadership at all levels. They should lead by example. Public officers should stand by the truth as their armour, and exhibit transparency and accountability in their conduct”.

“The challenge of the Nigerian Public Service now and in the future is essentially behavioural and calls for a change of attitude to the conduct and management of public affairs. The challenges center on compliance with and enforcement of the rules and this essentially rests on leadership at all levels of governance, particularly leadership at the topmost levels. … People’s response to the implementation of policies and programmes is the barometer for assessing the impact of governance. Unfortunately, at the moment, more negative than positive responses are coming from the populace. This should be a source of serious concern to all public servants”. - `Bukar Usman in Reflections on The Nigerian Public Service: Way Forward For Governance at the CORFEPS Colloquium 2024

The lead paper presenter, my own mentor and our most respected senior colleague, Dr Bukar Usman, has identified that “there are more negative than positive responses from the populace on our public service at the moment” and has anchored the root causes on two key factors, namely: Conflict of Interest and Leadership. Speaking on conflict of interest, Dr. Bukar Usman states: “In the Nigerian Public Service now, the spectre of “private interest” looms larger than “public interest” and that “the challenges center on compliance with and enforcement of the rules”, which “essentially rests on leadership at all levels of Governance, particularly leadership at the topmost levels”. I am in total agreement with him. Conflict of interest is a function of integrity, which speaks to honesty, truthfulness and a consistent and uncompromising adherence to strong moral and ethical principles and values, and strong opposition to hypocrisy.

That is why my Discussant’s submission is titled: Integrity Is at The Centre of Eroding Competence and Capacity of The Public Service in Nigeria, But It Is a Leadership Challenge.

As a scientist and an advocate of integrity in public service, I will be deploying concrete data and facts to examine the issues of conflict of interest, integrity, and leadership and how it has played out in the Nigerian public service in the last 20 years, to enable us all to provide firm recommendations on the way forward. The instances of current data and situation analysis where they have occurred is to connect participants to what currently exists, especially as performance of the past leadership of the civil service from 1999-2015 and of the Presidents have been covered in Goke Adegoroye (2015) Restoring Good Governance In Nigeria (RGGN) Volume 1: The Civil Service Pathway and Volume 2: Leadership and Political Will.

2. In a Presidential System There Cannot Be Double Loyalties, One to The HCSF Contending with The President’s

 The import of national interest (or public interest, as stated by Bukar Usman) as the core objective of operations of the civil service was what made President Olusegun Obasanjo at the Presidential Retreat on Public Sector Reforms and Public-Private Partnership in Abuja in August 2005, in his vote of thanks to the Chairmen of the Plenary Sessions, to say of the then Head of the Civil Service of the Federation, Mahmud Yayale Ahmed, as follows:

“As a Civil Servant, the Head of the Civil Service of the Federation is often caught between loyalty to the Civil Service his constituency, and national interest, but I am happy to say that more often than not he has stood on the part of national interest”.

In a Keynote Address titled: “Public Service Reform for Sustainable Development: the Nigerian Experience” that I delivered at the Commonwealth Advanced Seminar in Wellington, New Zealand in January 2006, I had used that quote to interrogate the loyalty of the then HCSF and was able to resolve that, unless there was an error of parallax, his loyalty to the civil service could never have been out of alignment with his loyalty to the nation, because the civil service is by tradition the guardian of national interest. In other words, what we were dealing with then was a wrong perception, borne out of the style of Yayale Ahmed putting both his integrity and official position on the line to defend the civil service. Unlike 2005-2007, my assessment in the last few years is that a different type of loyalty has been contending with national interest in the last 10 years. The cultivation of private interest is producing a strange and perilous harvest of loyalty to the occupant of the Office of the HCSF rather than to the civil service system. In a Presidential Democracy, national interest is embodied in the President, by his election and oath of office. Accordingly, there cannot be another loyalty to an official outside the personage of the President.

What is not clear to the public is that the Office of the Head of the Civil Service of the Federation is not in charge of federal public services. There are constitutional and structural limits to the powers of the HCSF, as the office is confined to only those public servants appointed by the FCSC. All other services, from the military to the Police, Para-Military services, the Judiciary, National Assembly, the Intelligence Community (DSS, NIA, EFCC) as well as agencies and statutory corporations, are outside the control of the HCSF. That is why I said in some of my presentations that an HCSF trying to overstep its boundaries is like a Rooster parading heavily adorned comb and ear lobes in the midst of lions, tigers, bulls etc. with horns and massive claws. The entire population of civil servants controlled by the HCSF at any given time stands at less than 10% of the federal workforce. But it is our own equivalent of what in other climes is termed the Elite Service, with certain oversight responsibilities that are expected to be discharged in the national interest for the entire public service.

3. Integrity is the Key

My assessment of what is needed to reposition the public service in Nigeria is captured in the concluding paragraph of my Briefing to President Yar’Adua in my capacity as DG BPSR in August 2007, where I said as follows: “…To truly reposition the public service as a virile national institution for the - realization of our core national development aspirations in the 21st Century, in one word, what is required as the key is INTEGRITY. If we can uphold integrity, transparency and equity in appointment, discipline, staff training, job deployment and promotion processes, we would have solved 80% of the problems of the civil service and the Nigerian public service of our dream will be within our reach”. - Goke Adegoroye in Briefing by the DG BPSR to the President, Commander-in-Chief Federal Republic of Nigeria 14 August 2007 In: Goke Adegoroye (2010) Beyond Yours Faithfully p. 159-217.

4. Dimensions of Leadership Integrity in Civil Service Processes and Procedures

Notwithstanding the subsisting constitutional and structural limitations of the powers of the OHCSF, the key to the effective management of the entire public service by a sitting HCSF is integrity. Let us put aside the buzz words, the jargons and the slogans of our reforms STEP, EPIC, KPI, Digital and Transformational, etc. Over the past 20 years we have set up many agencies, programmes and procedures to bring efficiency to fund utilization and transparency to appointment. From IPPIS, Due Process in Public Procurement, EFCC, ICPC, Fiscal Responsibility Act, the 3-layered examination/screening processes in the appointment of perm secs, etc., yet, we are worse off now as a nation, as the corruption and leakages have been horrendous, because of crisis of integrity at several levels of leadership positions. As I have said many time, the art of budget manipulation for personal gains has now become the coveted expertise that political office holders head hunt in getting Accounting Officers deployed to their MDAs and, arising therefrom, hitherto honest officers in their increasing numbers are yielding to the temptation of joining the band wagon.

Misplaced values is also a function of integrity at both personal and institutional levels. For example, we seem to place more emphasis on the paraphernalia of offices than what will enhance productivity. The reality of what is going on played out on us last Monday, 26 February, 2024, during the Press Briefing for this Colloquium. We were held up for one hour as there was no light. No light at the most important Conference Hall of the OHCSF. Hajiya Ammuna Lawal Ali and I were lamenting and wondering how our current colleagues in the service could feel comfortable riding their SUVs to offices that suffer this type of blackout and without working tools. We both agreed that, were we in the position, we would rather the SUVs were withdrawn from us in exchange for a permanent solution to the power challenge in our offices.

As stated above, Integrity in the civil service leadership is what will uphold honesty, transparency and equity in the HR processes of appointment, promotion, deployment, training and discipline. This is because the Integrity backbones of the HCSF and the Perm Secs are what will strengthen those at the Directorate levels and below to muster the courage to take the right actions on their respective desks. The inability of public servants to see honesty, transparency and equity in these processes, arising from the questionable integrity of their leaders, is the major factor in the falling standards in the service.

I have been writing since 2011 about how successive HCSFs have moved stealthily towards hijacking the presidential powers of appointment and deployment, through the smokescreen of the written examinations cum oral interview screening processes, but the blatant way the processes have been manipulated, in recent years, to achieve predetermined ends makes me to wonder who, indeed, between the HCSF and the President is vested with those powers.

If allegations of financial inducement in the appointment of perm secs have been difficult to substantiate, what cannot be disproved is the trend of professional bias/favoritism in appointment that started to creep into the service some 15 years ago, where the emergence of Accountants as Heads of the Civil Service appeared to have triggered an increased number of accountants and procurement officers appointed as Perm Secs. Now, with a graduate of Dental Surgery as HCSF, not only has that trend been playing out in favour of medical doctors since 2019 when the incumbent assumed the position, it has been taken to an unprecedented level with a quarter of the perm sec cadre composed of medical doctors. Considering how diverse the Officer cadres of the civil service is, ranging from the Common Services cadres of those in Administration, Planning Research and Statistics, Accounting, Procurement, to the professional Officers cadres across Ministries, in Agriculture, Aviation, Commerce, Culture and Tourism, Education, Environment, Health, Lands, Housing and Urban Planning Information, Justice, Sports, Water Resources, Works and Highway, the predomination of medical doctors in the appointment of permanent secretaries is beyond the ordinary. Unfortunately, such lopsidedness in appointment has not been matched by any improvement in the competence of Perm Secs as accounting officers.

Civil/public servants know themselves in terms of competence, capacity and character/integrity. Those with potentials to rise to the level of Perm Secs are already showing such traits at AD/DD (GL 15/16) levels such that by the time they are appointed Perm Sec, they already earn the acceptance and respect of their peers and subordinates. Of course, the reverse is the case when a misfit emerges as a newly appointed Perm Sec as there is a general feeling of deja vu, disappointment and loss of morale; and this has been happening with increasing frequency in the last 10 years.

I recall the day Mahmud Yayale Ahmed called me to his office as HCSF to give me my letter of appointment as DG BPSR. I had no inkling that anything was in the offing. Handing me the letter he said, “Goke, this is a reward for your hard work, dedication to duty and patriotism”, and I could not hold my tears. I was not working with him directly, but as a HCSF he took notice of me. Similarly, 3 years later when the consequential vacancy in my State finally occurred, I spoke to no one throughout the stages of my screening for appointment as Perm Sec. Nowadays, you hear of people going round places and people to lobby to be appointed Perm Sec. It is now common to see some candidates boast of the certainty of their being appointed, even before the commencement of the exercise, just as it is an open secret that, by their appointments and deployments, civil servants now know the favourite Perm Secs of a sitting HCSF.

5. The Challenge of Residual Actors in a Political Transition

5.1 In his Goodwill Message to this CORFEPS Colloquium, General Yakubu Gowon has continued to relish how he respected the courage and conviction of the advice of the permanent secretaries of his days, thus highlighting “speaking truth to power” as perhaps the most important quality in civil servants that is appreciated by political leaders. Speaking truth to power (a moral imperative to stand up for what is right before national leaders even when it is not the easiest thing to do) is a function of personal integrity. An officer without integrity cannot muster the required courage to speak truth to power.

There is no period in the life of an administration that this quality is most crucial than during political transition from one administration to the other. The 2023 transition was an unusual one, where the in-coming administration was riding into power on a national popular vote of a little over 37% and barely 20% in the FCT the seat of power, meaning that the President was in the middle of non-friendly foes. Under such setting, there is no greater challenge that can confront an incoming administration than that of Residual Actors whose relationship with the in-coming administration is, most often, driven by selfpreservation. As I have said, quite a few times, quoting Louis Gawthrop, in his 1997 article titled, “Democracy, Bureaucracy and Hypocrisy Redux: A search for Sympathy and Compassion”, the civil servants are the masters in the “professional environment wherein the art of pretense, the methods of acting or playing a role, indeed, of wearing a mask, become the virtual prerequisites for a successful career”. (Goke Adegoroye (2015) RGGN vol. 1 The Civil Service Pathway p. 16-17)

How did this play out during the political transition of 2023 with the civil service leadership hierarchy, namely: Perm Secs, CEOs and other accounting officers and most importantly the HCSF as the arrowhead residual actor of the immediate past administration that the new administration had to rely upon for briefing on what was on ground? Was the incoming administration availed the truth in briefing them about subsisting HRM policies? Or were the briefings, and other official actions that were taken on behalf of the new administration, carried out from the recesses of the personal biases of the respective Perm Secs and HCSF, with the sole aim of self-preservation?

5.2 Redeployment of Perm Secs Barely 24 Hours After Swearing In of New President Take for example the massive redeployment of perm secs that was made to take effect on 30 May 2023, barely 24 hours after the swearing in of a new President, which, but for the over ruling of President Buhari, had included a recommendation that the Perm Sec State House who was to attain the 60 years mandatory age of retirement in less than two and a half months away in August should move from the State House to another Ministry. This raises curious questions: i. What was the urgency for movement of permanent secretaries 2 days after inauguration of the President, when the appointment of Ministers within the time prescribed by the constitution was bound to elicit further movement of perm secs? ii. What were the MDA specific requirements and the personal quality and HR criteria that informed those movements? iii. Whose agenda was being prosecuted? iv. How would it have engendered the smooth and steady take-over of government as required? v. With the benefit of hindsight, how much of the unsteady operations in the Ministries at the time the Ministers eventually came in are traceable to this late hour replacement of the Accounting Officers? vi. Had the out-going President Buhari not overruled the redeployment of the Perm Sec State House, how would it have played out in the afternoon of 30 May 2023 when the new President Tinubu came to take over at the State House, starting with his first inspection of the Brigade of Guards, in an atmosphere where a new Perm Sec who was not familiar with either the grounds or the people in charge was also just assuming duty? vii. Indeed, how legal or constitutional were those deployments, since the powers for the appointment and deployment of Perm Secs are vested in the President? In this regard, we must remember that at the point of swearing in, the President has been made to take over the affairs of State and was expected to rely on the Accounting Officers, CEOs and Service -Chiefs in place for briefing on what was on ground under their jurisdiction. Any redeployment of these officers from their confirmed duty posts as handed over on the day of swearing in, not made with the explicit approval of the just sworn-in President, amounts to a hijack of presidential powers.

Recalling our experience when CORFEPS paid a courtesy call on President Muhammadu Buhari in 2016 Talking of briefing a new administration with honesty by residual actors, Chief Philip Asiodu as chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Council of Retired Federal Permanent Secretaries, had led us the members of the Executive Committee to meet President Buhari in 2016. During our interaction, I raised my fears of the briefings by residual actors during political transition on the take-off trajectory of his administration, citing my briefing to President Yar’Adua in 2007 where I stated it often takes between 6-18 months for a new administration to know the true position on most issues. It was as if I had hit the nail on its head, in terms of what was troubling him, as he jumped in: “Dr Adegoroye, you are correct, very correct! When I came in I was not in a hurry to bring in Ministers because I felt the Perm Secs could assist me until I fully settled down. The Perm Sec Transport was one of the people that briefed me. I went on air to make statements based on the briefings that I got from him. Barely 2 days, later, Dr. Ngozi Okonjo Iweala countered me in a national television. I summoned the Head of the Civil Service to bring the Perm Sec before me. When they came, I repeated what he had earlier briefed me and asked him to confirm if that was his briefing, which he did. I asked if he was aware of the counter opinion of Ngozi Okonjo Iweala and he similarly did. I then requested him to confirm who was correct between Ngozi and I, and he said “hmmmmm Your Excellency, the position relayed by Dr Ngozi is the correct position”! I told the Head of the Civil Service to take him out, but that one too just deployed him to another Ministry. So I had to take the two of them out of the system”.

6. The Challenges of Competence, Capacity, and Integrity

Competence, capacity and character/integrity are closely interwoven but integrity rules them all. For example, we know that capacity to learn and take corrections will undoubtedly improve competence, but that capacity stems from an honest admission of the need to learn and the humility to take advice or correction, both of which are a function of personal integrity inspired confidence. There are 2 cases that I want to cite to illustrate where the challenges of competence, capacity and character/integrity lie. Both are taken from the list of what I have been advocating in the last 10 years, in my books: Restoring Good Governance In Nigeria (RGGN) Volume 1: The Civil Service Pathway and Volume 2: Leadership and Political Will and presentations and they expose: (i) the weakness in the capacity of the civil service to take correction, and (ii) the manipulation of policy implementation and public service rules for self-preservation. One is as simple as it can be, yet important, while the other is at the root of the current rumblings in the civil service with grave consequences for succession and productivity, namely: • Wrong acronyms, procedures, processes and protocols that have been institutionalized, and • Wrong implementation/application of major policy and its public service rule: The Tenure Policy 6.1 Weakness in the capacity of the civil service to take correction The example of the acronym MDAs which I have stated many times that it refers to self-accounting entities headed by Accounting Officers and therefore means: Ministries, Extra-Ministerial Departments and Agencies NOT Ministries, Department and Agencies, since in our setting Departments are headed by Directors who report to Accounting Officers. Two times I was invited by the current HCSF to make a presentation on the “Roles and Responsibilities of Perm Secs as Administrative Heads and Accounting Officers of Their MDAs” at the Induction Workshop of newly appointed Perm Secs in February and July 2020, and the interpretation of “MDAs” as an acronym was one of the wrong acronyms, processes, procedures and protocols that I said have been institutionalized and must be corrected by Perm Secs at their desks. Anyone in doubt should open the first page of the Financial Regulation (FR) and see rules 101, 102 and 104 on the definition of Accountant General of the Federation as Chief Accounting Officer, Auditor General for the Federation and of Permanent Secretary and Head of Extra-Ministerial Department as Accounting Officer. Before now, I have been wondering why it has been difficult for the media, the National Assembly and Ministers to take correction on this simple definition, and several more, despite my years of advocacy until I saw in the social media recently, Circular Ref No: HCSF/3065/VI/189 of 19 February 2024, issued under the signature of the HCSF and titled: “Measures To Curtail The Leakage of Sensitive Official Information/Documents In Ministries, Departments And Agencies (MDAs)”! In contrast though, circulars issued under the signature of Boss Mustapha, a non-civil servant, as SGF were correctly titled as “ExtraMinisterial Departments” (Ref. No. SGF/OP/I/S.3/T/29 of 28th August 2019) while previous circulars from the OHCSF before the incumbent came into office were consistently similarly in error (e.g. HCSF/511/II/T/164 of 10th April 2019). Like the Yoruba would say: “oro p’esi je” - the question itself has swallowed the answer! The OHCSF is the incubator of this and similar errors that I have been advocating their correction!

6.2 Manipulation of policy implementation and public service rules for self-preservation The Tenure Policy came into effect in 2009. It was suspended for the most part of the Buhari administration, effective 17th June, 2016, with a directive conveyed in letter No. SH/COS/100/A/1462 and announced in circular HCSF/428/S.1/139 of 20th July 2016. Suddenly in a Circular issued on 27th July, 2023, the HCSF announced the restoration of the Tenure Policy with a directive that Directors who have spent 8 years on the grade should immediately retire from the Service. In contrast to Public Service Rule (PSR) 020908 on 35 years’ service or 60 years of age, whichever comes first, for mandatory retirement of career officers, a further condition of service is attached on account of the Tenure Policy to Directors and Permanent Secretaries through PSR 020909, which stipulates that “A Director or its equivalent by whatever nomenclature it is described in MDAs shall compulsorily retire upon serving eight years on Tenure Policy on the post; and a Permanent Secretary shall hold office for a term of four years, and renewable for a further four years, subject to satisfactory performance and no more.”

In compliance with the HCSF circular, all Directors (GL 17) who have spent 8 years on the grade have now been off-loaded, even when they are yet to clock 35 years of service or 60 years of chronological age. One of the affected officers, who was removed on 31st October, 2023, is John Olusola Magbadelo a highly productive PhD holder who has been the life wire of a key Department within the OHCSF. He has spent only 32 years of service and is not due on account of 60 years of age either. His CV is better than most of his superiors: BSc Political Science (Lagos) 1987, MSc International Relations (Ife) 1989, PhD (Political Science) Usmanu Danfodiyo University 2001 with a research grant from the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA). He was promoted Director of Admin in 2014. In the course of his career, he had served at the Federal Ministry of Labour & Employment 1996-2003; Cabinet Secretariat OSGF 2003-2009; Ministry of Defence 2009-2011; Ministry of Petroleum Resources 2011-2017; Cabinet Affairs Office 2017-2019; Ministry of Labour & Employment 2021-2022 and at the OHCSF in charge of key Department as Director, Civil Service Transformation 2022-2023, where he was the life wire coordinating the Federal Civil Service Strategy and Implementation Plan 2021-2025. Yet, he was let go while Permanent Secretaries who have spent over 4 years have continued in office without any known screening to affirm their “satisfactory performance” as stipulated in PSR 020909. Right here in this hall this morning, the Chairman FCSC Prof Tunji Olaopa, in his brief remarks, spoke of the anti-intellectualism posture of today’s civil service. It is my hope that the treatment meted to him was not a fallout of that anti-intellectualism.

The Tenure Policy was not designed to accord any officer a serial 8-year limit on every grade level from Director through Perm Sec to the HCSF. Tenure is the instrument of political appointment. It is already enshrined in the Public Service Rules. I have been writing on the implementation short-coming and wrong application of the Tenure policy for over 10 years. It is comprehensively covered in RGGN vol 2. P 87-95. Most Nigerian national dailies, especially The Guardian, have published my write-ups on it. But succeeding HCSF have opted to be rather self-serving in their implementation of the policy. The integrity of the civil service leadership is obviously at stake here. Not a few are alarmed that Dr. John Magbadelo and others like him, who could have been an asset to this administration at this critical time, were compulsorily retired on account of Tenure Policy implementation by a civil service whose leadership has spent 12 years on the grade of Perm Sec and above and is waiting for 60 years of age as due date of retirement!

Such cases, and there are many of them, are open secrets Service-wide. They are the source of recent grumblings among the Directorate level officers. Corridor grumbling is the first step to low morale. Low morale leads to passive resistance, loss of effectiveness and low productivity. It reminds me of how outstanding career officers of the NTA, namely Sola Atere and Eugenia Abu were removed from service in 2017 on account of having completed a 3-year tenure as Executive Directors of the NTA. Applications of public service rules demand consistency not selectivity. It reflects on the integrity of the civil service leadership.

7. There Must Be Some Non-Negotiable Skills Set for Appointment As HCSF

A lot has been said here today about how things have seemingly fallen apart with regard to competence, professionalism and integrity of the public service. It is obvious that a lot also needs to be done to improve the civil service in terms of capacity, competence, and professionalism. The leadership must command the respect of the entire public service, through their career path, trajectory and emergence. It needs to be understood by all that the Head of the Civil Service of the Federation (HCSF) is the de facto chief human resources manager of the federation. It is not a post for anyone to start learning the ropes about the requirements of the job. Skills such as the combination of proven capability in policy analysis, administrative skills, human resource management, personal integrity, as well as ability and readiness to enforce Public Service rules and regulations should be the non-negotiable requirements of the job. The loose constitutional provision in 171 (3) that “Appointment to the Office of the Head of the Civil Service of the Federation shall not be made except from among permanent Secretaries or equivalent rank in the Civil Service of the Federation or of a State” does not preclude a diligent search for candidates with these skills.

Our experience since 1999 has shown that for those whose career paths are outside HRM and Admin, but professional cadres of science, engineering, accounting and medicine, multiple years on the grade of Perm Sec is not a guarantee that those skills would have been acquired. On my part, I have stressed that personal integrity is at the center of it all because, even for the professional cadre candidates who are short on HRM skills, personal integrity qualities of receptivity to new ideas and advice, ability to take correction, transparency, honesty and ability to place national interest above personal interest will enable them to make success of their tenure. How does one explain a situation where during an Induction Workshop for newly appointed Permanent Secretaries, a simple advice to a HCSF not to sign official documents as Head of Service of the Federation but as Head of the Civil Service of the Federation, being the correct title of the office as prescribed in the constitution, had to lead to an argument!?

8. Appointment of HCSF Demands More Serious Search

Another observation that is worth re-examining is how Heads of the Civil Service of the Federation are appointed. It should be a source of concern that while exams are required to get recruited into the civil service and rise through the ranks to Director and even Perm Sec, not an assessment, interview or thorough screening is needed to be appointed a HCSF. The winning strategy is loyalty to the sitting HCSF and the right connection. Toward this end, the standard practice has been for the out-going HCSF to forward a short list of his choice of 3 names to the President from which one would be picked. This is a practice that breeds self-perpetuation, since like begets likes. It is only an HCSF who is removed from office before his/her due date that misses out on that opportunity. With the right connections, even that platform can be by-passed, as I was able to do 13 years ago.

In 2011, after Prof Dapo Afolabi had directed the Perm Secs who met his eligibility criteria to submit their CVs and was trying to set in motion his own process of making recommendation to the President for his replacement, all it took me after being approached by one of the aspiring candidates was to take the particular candidate’s CV to the person who was best to get the listening ears of the President, Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister for the Economy, Dr. Ngozi Okonjo Iweala (NOI), as the candidate that I felt was best for the job. As pioneer DG Bureau of Public Service Reforms (BPSR) and member of the Technical arm of the Economic Team under President Obasanjo during her first tour of duty as Minister 2003-2006, Ngozi had confidence in my sense of judgement. I was the one who had to provide answers to all the questions bothering her, to clear doubts based on what she had heard of the candidate. NOI went promptly to see the President, carrying in her hands the CV that I gave her and in 24 hours the announcement was made. She did not meet the candidate until he was being sworn in at the Council chambers. It was then, as the candidate was going round receiving the congratulatory handshakes of the cabinet members and got to NOI and was saying thank you that she whispered back to him, “Go and thank Goke”. Both relayed the encounter to me after.

Tedious filtering and performance index review were said to have been applied to screen candidates on the basis of Character, Performance, Integrity, Quality and Job KPI to produce Mr. Lawrence Wong Shyun Tsai, currently one of the two Deputy Prime Ministers, as the next Prime Minister of Singapore with effect from November 2024. As Chairman of the Osun State Public Service Transformation Team in 2012-2013, we designed a set of 20 Quality Traits which we administered as Questionnaire to the 26 eligible perm secs, with instruction for each to take him/herself out of the equation and score the other 25 in each of those qualities. Key among the quality traits that were assessed in the questionnaire are: • Courage to uphold what is right and defend the service; • Service-wide/public perception about officers (a) proneness to corrupt inducement; (b) wealth above what can be explained by his/her official earnings; (c) ownership of privately owned properties and businesses; and (d) ownership and utilization of personally-owned or cronies-owned companies to execute government contracts. The top 3 candidates were recommended to the Governor who, being impressed with our approach, had to pick the topmost candidate as the Head of Service of the State. In relaying this approach in my 2015 twin-volume books, I had asked: “if the federal government had adopted the Osun model to assess Directors and Perm Secs for their respective next grade how many of those who have occupied the seats ever since would have successfully scaled this hurdle”? (RGGN vol. 1: The Civil Service Pathway p. 86-89).

The fact that the position of the Head of the Civil Service of the Federation has over these years been filled mostly on the weight of political connections rather than proven skills, competence, capacity and integrity, is probably why some occupants of the office have not been able to see the upholding of national/public interest as their primary purpose and, rather, have been largely preoccupied with personal/private interests, to oil their self-preservation strategies of answering to the general demands of political heavyweights, including satisfying those interests and theirs in appointment and deployment recommendations to the President. We certainly need a better process for screening and making appointments into high level and critical bureaucratic positions. It is one of the reasons why, conscious of the subsisting constitutional and structural limitations of the powers of the OHCSF covering less than 10% of the Federal workforce, I have been advocating an Institutional Framework to Strengthen the Bureaucracy through the establishment of a Federal Public Service Council to be charged, among others, with: • “Screening of candidates for recommendation to the President for appointment as Head of the Civil Service of the Federation”; and • “Carrying out stage 2 assessment of candidates already screened by the HCSF for appointment as Perm Secs, before the final recommendations are forwarded to the President.” (RGGN Vol. 1: The Civil Service Pathway, p. 296-301)

9. The Public Service Reflects the Political Leadership

It is always said that “a nation’s capacity for development is a function of the capacity of its bureaucracy/public service”. There is a sense in which it can also be said that the public service at any point in time is a reflection of a nation’s political leadership. This is particularly true in a nation operating the Presidential system where the powers for appointment into bureaucratic leadership positions are vested by the constitution in the President, who is also the Head of State, the Chief Executive of the Federation and Commander-inChief of the Armed Forces of the Federation. As members of CORFEPS, in this Colloquium, we have raised the issues and drawn on the weight of our experience and institutional memories to proffer recommendations on the way forward. It is now up to the President to take ownership of his bureaucracy, as he has done for his cabinet. Going by records of the responsiveness of the President to national issues and challenges, I have no doubt that, at the right time he will take appropriate actions to rejig the core civil service on the basis of competence, capacity, and integrity.

I thank you all for your kind attention!

Goke Adegoroye, PhD, OON

Abuja, 5 March 2024

A former Governor Isa Yuguda of Bauchi State said the federal government still pays subsidy on petroleum products.

Yuguda stated this in an interview on Channels Television’s Politics Today on Monday.

Recall that President Bola Tinubu, in his inaugural speech, announced that “The fuel subsidy is gone.”

The President added that the 2023 Budget made no provision for fuel subsidy and more so, subsidy payment was no longer justifiable.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) in one of its reports last month also advised Nigeria to completely phase out costly fuel and electricity subsidies as part of measures to address its economic challenges.

Speaking on the issue of subsidy, ”If the IMF says we are paying subsidy then we are. But the subsidy that was removed was the one that was going into private pockets and I decoupled that subsidy that ordinarily shouldn’t have been paid.”

”If it should have been paid it should be paid into the treasury of the country and today that revenue increase that we see is reflected in the removal of the monies that were going into the pockets of private individuals is what is going into the treasury of the country.”

”You have that subsidy being paid on petrol products that are pumped through pipelines and in many instances they are pumped through imaginary pipelines, where the pipelines don’t exist, sow e all pay subsidy but that what was the President removed, that is why most states are getting twice or thrice of their allocation.”

On the economic hardship in the country, the former governor said the average Nigerian will not understand the challenges the president has to face in resolving the economic situation.

Yuguda noted that the members of the president’s cabinet need to help in sensitising the masses on how the government policies will change the nation.

He said, ”I will expect the cabinet of Mr Predisnet to go down the strata of our society and explain to the people that this is the situation that we have found ourselves in.”

”If we hadn’t had our Central Bank messing us up and the economy that has been mismanaged in the past, it wouldn’t be the way it is today.”

A former deputy governor, Financial Systems Stability at the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Kingsley Moghalu, has described has grand corruption the 30 trillion ways and means borrowings by the federal government from the apex bank.

Recall that former administration of President Muhammadu Buhari had borrowed N22.7 trillion in ways and means from the Central Bank which was subsequently followed by another N7 trillion borrowing by the current administration of President Bola Ahmed Tinubu.

The development has sparked concerns among citizens as they railed against the violation of extant laws guiding borrowings from the apex bank and the sheer lack of accountability on what the massive loans were used for.

Speaking on the matter and state of the nation in general, Moghalu noted that Nigeria’s economy in the last decade has been dogged by mismanagement and widespread corruption.

Moghalu said this while delivering his keynote address at the annual LEADERSHIP Conference and Awards 2023, holding in Abuja, on Tuesday.

Moghalu said: “We should not be surprised that there is hunger and anger in the land because the past 10 years have been marked by many economic mismanagement, blotted ways and means of the CBN, blotted budget which has paved way for unprecedented corruption.”

He also bemoaned the lack of progressive and people oriented fiscal policies, noting the failings of the government on the fiscal side of the economic spectrum over the years is why the CBN has been overwhelmed.

Moghalu added that with Nigeria will not just step out of the current economic crisis regardless of short term measures as it will last at least three to five years

The presidential candidate of the Labour Party (LP) in the 2023 general election, Peter Obi said he was not desperate to be the President of Nigeria.

Obi spoke while reacting to his award as the Leadership Politician of the Year 2023 at the newspaper’s Annual Conference and Awards event in Abuja on Tuesday.

According to Obi, it was a shame for Ukraine, a war-torn country, to donate grains to Nigeria when Niger State alone can feed the whole of Africa.

He said, “Let me thank the LEADERSHIP Newspaper for this event and the award. We’ve all heard from the keynote speaker.

“For me, this award, I am grateful to the almighty God. If I have the opportunity, I will give my all to the country.

“I am not desperate to be president, I am desperate to make Nigeria work,” Obi stated, while adding that young Nigerians should be productively engaged in order to eliminate poverty and crime.

“We have no reasons to be poor. Poverty should never be part of our lives especially in the North,” Obi said.

He added that with over 7,442,00 square meters of land, Nigeria can feed Africa.

Obi said, “Ukraine has no reason to give us grain. Niger State can feed Nigeria, Africa with over 73, 000 square meters of land.

“The two biggest states in the North-East, Borno with over 70,000 square metres of land and Taraba, are four times the size of Belgium that is exporting food.

“There is so much we can do in the country if we have the right leadership. The more you remove people out of poverty, the more you have less criminals,” Obi said.

Economic and financial experts have advised Nigerians on some viable investment options to consider following the Federal Government (FG) clampdown on Binance, a major cryptocurrency trading company.

The experts identified the different investment options in separate interviews with the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) in Ibadan on Tuesday.

A former banker, Mr Yomi Babalola, said the investment opportunities or options available to Nigerians depend on the risk level and capacity of individuals.

Babalola, however, stated that the High-Interest Savings Account (HISA), a form of short-term investment option, was very important as it could serve as a reserve for liquidity purposes.

“What it means is that you want to have a certain form of investment that can be easily liquidated to cash, especially in case of emergencies.

“To use a high-interest savings account, you can make use of Fintech Savings Apps such as Piggyvest, and Cowrywise,” he said.

He also identified real estate as another investment option that could be considered.

“Land always appreciates – this is something realtors do talk about regularly and they are not lying.

“Real estate is a very profitable and solid form of investment you can delve into because as long as humans exist, there will always be a need for land banking.

“But I must be honest with you, unlike HISA and stocks, real estate is really capital intensive,” he said.

The ex-banker also mentioned personal business as another form of investment.

According to him, this is one option not many people look at when they want to invest their money.

“But I can tell you that it’s a great option to have in your asset portfolio, especially if you know what you’re doing.

“One of the benefits of investing in your business is that it gives you the option of good and steady cash flow.

“Having an investment that yields consistent cash flow is a great asset to have.

“This is because, depending on the business, it can begin to yield returns almost immediately you begin and it also has huge growth potential,” Babalola said.

Meanwhile, the Chairman of the Ibadan Shareholders Association, Mr Eric Akinduro, commended government’s efforts at stabilising the economy by clamping down on institutions supposedly hindering the economy from developing.

“To me, it is a welcome development as we have a lot of loopholes eating deep into our economy.

“However, inconsistency in policies is a major hindrance to the progress of this country,” he said.

Akinduro stated that the money market seemed better now, particularly the bond and treasury bonds, as they now pay higher interest than before.

“So, these can be considered.

“Nevertheless, we still have some potential in the capital market for companies that have good fundamentals – this can also be considered,” he said.

A financial expert, Mr Tunji Adepeju, who said the present hardship was not peculiar to Nigeria, urged Nigerians to start farming in bags and plastic containers to boost food production.

He encouraged families to embrace backyard farming of vegetables, tubers, and fruits, especially since 51 per cent of monthly income goes into feeding according to the National Bureau of Statistics.

“Some people are already taking advantage of backyard farming and if everybody does, we will force down prices of food items made to keep increasing by some people because of greed and corruption,” Adepeju said.

The Comptroller General of Customs and Excise, Adewale Adeniyi, has said President Bola Tinubu gave orders for seized food items to be sold to vulnerable Nigerians to address hunger across the country.

Adeniyi disclosed this on Tuesday on the floor of the House of Representatives during the sectoral debate series, which also had in attendance the Minister of Agriculture and Food Security, Abubakar Kyari.

According to Mr Adeniyi, President Bola Tinubu gave the directive that food items produced in Nigeria and seized at the Nigerian land borders, be sold directly to vulnerable Nigerians to ease the challenge of hunger in the country.

He said, “Mr President has directed that we sell directly to needy Nigerians food items produced locally but which were seized. This is one of the ways to address hunger and food scarcity we are facing. We have started this in Lagos.

“Also, the President has also directed that imported food items seized by the Nigeria Customs Service should be sold back to the local markets for resale to Nigerians,” he said

The Bank of Ghana has imposed a one month suspension on the foreign exchange trading licences of the Guaranty Trust Bank Ghana Limited (GTB) and FBNBank Ghana Limited (FBN), due to malpractices including fraudulent documentation.

In a statement announcing the suspension, Bank of Ghana said: “Bank of Ghana has suspended the Foreign Exchange Trading Licences of Guaranty Trust Bank Ghana Limited (GTB) and FBNBank Ghana Limited (FBN), effective 18th March 2024, for a period of one (1) month, in accordance with section 11 (2) of the Foreign Exchange Act 2006, (Act 723).

“This is as a result of various breaches of the foreign exchange market regulations, including fraudulent documentation in their foreign exchange operations which have come to the attention of Bank of Ghana.

“The licence will be restored at the end of the one-month suspension period once the Bank of Ghana is satisfied that they have put in place effective controls to ensure strict adherence to the foreign exchange market regulations.

“By this statement, we caution foreign exchange market players to adhere strictly to the applicable forex market regulations and guidelines.”

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has emphasised the need for the Nigerian government to prioritise the full implementation of its cash transfer program to aid vulnerable households.

This step is crucial before the government takes on the task of revaluating the costly fuel and electricity subsidies.

According to the IMF, the established social safety net programme, designed to disburse cash transfers to the poor and vulnerable, needs to be operational to its fullest capacity. This approach ensures that the economically vulnerable segments of the population remain shielded as the government contemplates adjustments to the existing fuel and electricity subsidy framework.

This recommendation emerged in the backdrop of concerns raised by the IMF over the fiscal burdens emanating from the current practice of subsidising fuel and electricity in a statement following a recent visit by an IMF team led by Axel Schimmelpfennig, the IMF mission chief for Nigeria.

According to the statement, the continuation of capping fuel pump prices and electricity tariffs below their recovery costs could lead Nigeria to incur fiscal costs of up to 3% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2024.

This visit, part of the 2024 Article IV Consultations, saw the team engage in discussions with key Nigerian officials in Lagos and Abuja from February 12 to February 23, 2024.

The statement read partly:

• “Recent improvements in revenue collection and oil production are encouraging. Nigeria’s low revenue mobilization constrains the government’s ability to respond to shocks and to promote long-term development.
• “Non-oil revenue collection improved by 0.8% of GDP in 2023, helped by naira depreciation. Oil production reached 1.65 million barrels per day in January as the result of enhanced security. The capping of fuel pump prices and electricity tariffs below cost recovery could have a fiscal cost of up to 3% of GDP in 2024.
• “The recently approved targeted social safety net program that will provide cash transfers to vulnerable households needs to be fully implemented before the government can address costly, implicit fuel and electricity subsidies in a manner that will ensure low-income households are protected.”

3.2% GDP growth in 2024

The IMF notes that despite Nigeria’s economy showing signs of growth in the fourth quarter of 2023, with a GDP growth of 2.8%, this growth barely keeps pace with population dynamics.

The Fund further projects an improvement in GDP growth to 3.2% in 2024, supported by increased oil production and anticipated better harvests. However, challenges such as high inflation, a weakening naira, and the need for tighter monetary policies are expected to pose significant headwinds.

On food security and social protection

During its visit, the IMF team praised the Nigerian government’s efforts in addressing food insecurity, which affects approximately 8% of the population.

The team also acknowledged the approval of a targeted social safety net programme intended to provide cash transfers to vulnerable households. This initiative, coupled with improvements in revenue collection and oil production, is seen as a positive step towards stabilising the economy.

However, the IMF emphasised the urgent need for Nigeria to address the financial implications of fuel and electricity subsidies. The Fund suggested that before tackling these costly subsidies, the recently approved social safety net program must be fully implemented to protect low-income households effectively.

On MPR

The IMF also applauded the decision of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to tighten monetary policy further by increasing the policy rate by 400 basis points to 22.75%.

This move, aimed at containing inflation, which had hit 29.9% year-on-year in January 2024, and alleviating pressure on the naira, represents a total tightening of 1,025 basis points since May 2022.

More Insights

• The elimination of fuel subsidies and other recent policies have had a disproportionate impact on Nigeria’s poor and vulnerable, who stand to benefit greatly from a monthly cash transfer system.
• The World Bank earlier said that cash transfers can help save Nigerians from intergenerational poverty traps as inflation and low economic growth adversely affect the poor.
• President Bola Tinubu launched a social safety net programme last year that will distribute N25,000 to 15 million homes for three months in observance of the 2023 International Day for the Eradication of Poverty.
• The Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Poverty Alleviation is tasked with carrying out the $800 million World Bank loan project.
• However, the Federal Government had to suspend the cash transfer programme for further investigation and revamping following alleged misappropriations within the programme.
• Betta Edu was earlier suspended as a humanitarian affairs minister due to the misappropriation of N585 million earmarked for palliative distribution.
• Also, Edu’s predecessor, Sadiya Umar-Farouq, is being investigated by the EFCC. The ex-minister is being probed over an alleged laundering of N37.1 billion during her tenure as a minister.
• The Federal Government recently said that it has revamped its cash transfer programme to combat fraud, with immediate implementation of direct payments.

Lawyers, including two Senior Advocates of Nigeria (SAN), have called for the reduction of the powers of the Chief Justice of Nigeria (CJN) to accountability and public confidence in the nation’s judicial process.

They expressed concern that the increasing challenge of accountability, lack of transparency, and corruption among others, contribute to the dwindling public confidence in the judicial process.

These were part of the key issues that dominated discussions at a conference on accountability in the Judiciary held in Abuja on March 1.

Among the conferees were Jibrin Okutrpa (SAN), Adamson Adeboro (SAN), Mbasekei Martin Obono (the Coordinator of Tap Initiative), Victoria Benson, and Lillian Okenwa.

The event, with the theme: “Impact of judicial accountability on democratic Resilience and public trust in the legal system” was organised by Tap Initiative, with the support of Open Society Foundations.

In a communique made available on March 4, the conferees were of the view that the duty to restore the trust of the common man in the Judiciary rests on every member of the profession starting with the Judges and especially the heads of courts.

They urged the Judiciary to take urgent steps to improve transparency within its governance processes especially the appointment of judges.

The conference participants recommended that the office of the CJN should be unbundled especially as chairman of the National Judicial Council (NJC), Federal Judicial Service Commission (FJSC), National Judicial Institute (NJI), and Legal Practitioners Privileges Committee (LPPC).

The conference equally recommended that the conversations will continue and that all Nigerians will make their voice heard and the judiciary would listen and not take the calls for accountability as a challenge to its authority but rather as an opportunity to win public trust again.

They stressed the need to strengthen the integrity requirement of the appointment of judges and make it more transparent.

The conference participants also called for the strengthening of the NJC to hold judicial officers accountable.

They added: “The code of ethics for judicial officers by the NJC needs no review but proper political will by the CJN to investigate and sanction erring judicial officers.”

The participants and discussants suggested that the conference should be made periodic to review the state of accountability in Nigeria’s judiciary.

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has issued a warning message to Nigeria and other West African nations regarding trends in borrowing practices.
Traditionally, nations often relied on loans from the Paris Club, a group of creditor countries.

However, the CBN has observed a significant shift towards borrowing from non-Paris Club members and private lenders, such as banks and investors who buy government bonds.

The West African Institute for Financial and Economic Management (WAIFEM) has warned that Nigeria is at a high risk of falling into debt distress and urged the federal government to look for ways of improving revenue generation.

Governor of the CBN, Yemi Cardoso, gave the warning in Abuja at the Joint World Bank/IMF/WAIFEM Regional Training on Medium Term Debt Management Strategy in Abuja on Monday, March 4.

Represented by Dr. Mohammed Musa Tumala, Director of the Monetary Policy Department of the CBN, Cardoso noted that while this change in who countries owe money to might seem like a minor detail, he emphasized that it is a critical development with serious implications.

He argued that the way countries manage debt owed to the Paris Club may not be as effective for these new lenders. Cardoso expressed concern that this new debt landscape could pose a threat to financial stability and economic recovery for many countries.

According to the CBN Governor, “Public debt dynamics are increasingly influenced by significant debt servicing obligations to non-Paris Club members and private lenders, including commercial banks and bond investors. This shift in the debt structure represents a critical evolution in the global financial framework, with profound ramifications for public debt management in our countries.

Cardoso stated that recent events like the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical conflicts, and natural disasters have put a strain on many countries’ finances, making them more likely to seek loans from diverse sources. However, these non-traditional lenders might come with stricter repayment terms and potentially higher risks compared to Paris Club loans.

“Following the COVID-19 pandemic, along with other developments such as geopolitical conflicts and natural disasters, the financial strain on our sub-region has escalated, posing a threat to their macroeconomic and financial stability and prospects for faster recovery,” he said.

Nigeria, despite being classified as having generally moderate debt risk, the CBN urged the federal government to remain cautious, particularly regarding potential liquidity risks. These risks, if not addressed effectively, could stem from weak revenue mobilization, a persistent challenge hindering debt sustainability and economic stability.

What the CBN is saying is that while Nigeria’s overall debt risk is considered moderate, the country still needs to be careful about its ability to pay back its loans (liquidity risk). This risk could become a problem if the government doesn’t collect enough revenue (money) in the future.

Dr. Baba Yusuf Musa, Director General of the West African Institute for Financial and Economic Management (WAIFEM) told journalists: “When you compare Nigeria with the rest of the world or peer countries, you realize that with the 37 percent debt to GDP ratio, we still have room to borrow but the issue with the Nigerian debt is you don’t use GDP to pay debts rather you use the revenue to pay for any debt”

He added: “If you look at it from the revenue side Nigeria is at a high risk of debt distress in terms of our borrowing so what we need to do now is to step up our capacity to generate revenue, the more revenue we have, the less ratio of debt to revenue we have.”

WAIFEM, he said, is “very much in support of what the federal government is doing because there is a window for the government to raise more revenue, all that the people need to do is to support the federal government diversify the sources of revenue and of course generate more sources of revenue, once we have this we don’t really have debt problem but rather revenue problem

Musa said: “What the Medium Term Debt Strategy (MTDS) does is that it smoothens the debt service so that going forward when borrowing, you take into consideration the redemption profile that you have and the type of loans that you have in your existing portfolio and then it will enable you also to minimize the cost and risk the future loans will add to the debt portfolio.”