In Nigeria, the story of political leadership is one that has been told and retold, but each time with greater intensity and a more devastating impact on the common man. With each passing political dispensation, we are introduced to new political actors who come to the scene as heroes and messiahs, armed with lofty promises and grandiose manifestos. However, their eventual exit from power leaves the people worse off than they were before. This vicious cycle of false hope, economic plunder, and political deceit continues to thrive, with Nigerian politicians already eyeing the 2027 elections while the people suffer in untold hardship.

It is a bitter reality that Nigerian politicians, upon gaining power, often proceed to dismantle the very foundations of the economy they swore to uplift. Promises made during campaigns, which resonate with a struggling populace yearning for change, are rarely fulfilled. Instead, we are faced with a pattern of economic mismanagement, embezzlement, and a blatant disregard for the welfare of the people.

From independence till now, Nigeria has witnessed countless political leaders who, rather than being the saviors they promised to be, have only enriched themselves and their cronies, leaving the country in a state of poverty and despair. The rich get richer, while the poor sink deeper into poverty. This plunder is done in plain sight, yet politicians continue to spin the narrative, telling lies that sustain the vicious cycle.

At every electoral cycle, politicians are celebrated as the ultimate solution to Nigeria’s economic and developmental woes. They come in waving the banner of hope and renewed hope, promising to fix the country’s many ills. Yet, once in power, they perpetuate the same corrupt practices that have plagued the nation for decades. The people, still reeling from the lies told by previous administrations, are subjected to more hardship and suffering.

In Nigeria, there is a saying, “It is the same old wine, just in a new bottle.” This describes the continuous recycling of the same political elite, who, despite their failures, continue to find ways to retain their grip on power. Whether under the guise of political godfatherism, nepotism, or the manipulation of the electoral process, these politicians find ways to cling to power, their focus always on their political survival and personal gain rather than the betterment of the nation.

As Nigeria approaches 2027, many politicians have already begun positioning themselves for the next election. Even though we are only halfway through the current administration’s tenure, the race for political dominance in the next election is already underway. This shift in focus, however, comes at a great cost to the people.

While these politicians scheme, strategize, and vie for relevance in the 2027 race, Nigeria’s economic condition continues to deteriorate. Inflation is at an all-time high, unemployment rates are soaring, and the cost of living is becoming unbearable for the average Nigerian. The ongoing fuel subsidy removal, for example, has led to a spike in transportation costs, food prices, and utilities, pushing millions further below the poverty line.

Yet, despite these harsh realities, politicians continue to amass wealth, build mansions, buy luxury cars, and send their children abroad for education and medical treatment, while the common man grapples with the everyday struggles of survival. It is a classic case of the privileged few thriving while the masses starve.

The Nigerian economy has been in a tailspin for years, largely due to the greed and incompetence of the political class. While campaign promises often include vows to fix the economy, create jobs, and reduce poverty, these pledges remain unfulfilled. Instead, politicians embark on large-scale looting of public funds, often with little or no accountability.

Recent administrations have borrowed extensively from international lenders, plunging the country into debt. However, instead of using these loans for developmental projects that would improve the lives of Nigerians, the funds have often been misappropriated. A significant portion ends up in the pockets of corrupt politicians and their allies. The country is left to shoulder the burden of debt repayments, while the benefits of the loans are nowhere to be seen.

It is this plundering of the economy that has left the country with crumbling infrastructure, inadequate healthcare, poor educational facilities, and a populace that is increasingly disillusioned with the political system. As each new administration takes office, it blames its predecessors for the problems it inherited, only to replicate the same pattern of corruption and incompetence.

To sustain their hold on power, Nigerian politicians have become masters of deception. They continue to tell lies, manipulating the masses with empty promises and false narratives. Election campaigns are filled with flowery speeches, grand economic blueprints, and claims of new-found empathy for the plight of the common man. But as history has shown, these promises rarely translate into action.

Once in office, politicians are quick to abandon the people who voted them in, turning their attention instead to amassing wealth and securing political patronage. They surround themselves with sycophants who shield them from the realities of the suffering masses, creating an echo chamber of false success stories. Meanwhile, the people are left to fend for themselves in a country where access to basic amenities like electricity, clean water, and healthcare remains a luxury.

Nigeria’s political elite have effectively held the country hostage, using their positions of power to enrich themselves at the expense of the people. The question now is: How long will this continue? How long will Nigerian politicians plunder the economy while the people remain impoverished? How long will the cycle of deceit, corruption, and economic mismanagement persist?

With the 2027 elections on the horizon, it is imperative for Nigerians to reflect on the choices they make at the polls. The promises made by politicians must be scrutinized more carefully, and voters must hold those in power accountable for their actions. There must be a shift from the old practice of electing leaders based on ethnicity, religion, or political party, to a system where competence, integrity, and a genuine desire for public service are the primary criteria for leadership.

The time has come for Nigerians to break free from the vicious circle of political deceit. The 2027 elections should not be another opportunity for politicians to plunder the economy and impoverish the people. Instead, it should be a turning point, an opportunity for the electorate to demand real change and elect leaders who have the vision and the integrity to rebuild the nation.

The future of Nigeria depends on the choices we make today. If we continue to allow the same politicians who have plundered our economy to hold the reins of power, then we are doomed to repeat the mistakes of the past. It is time for Nigerians to rise and take a stand for their future. It is time to end the plunder and hold our leaders accountable.

Nigeria deserves better, and the people must demand it. The 2027 elections must be the beginning of a new era, one in which politicians are held to a higher standard, and the welfare of the people is placed above personal gain. The time for change is now. Let us not wait until it is too late.

Since the return to civil rule in 1999, Rivers State, the acclaimed treasure base of Nigeria, has had five governors namely Peter Odili, Celestine Omehia, Chibuike Amaechi, Nyesom Wike, and now Simnalayi Fubara. The first major political crisis in the state happened in 2006 during the Peoples Democratic Party governorship nomination for the 2007 election. Ameachi had won the primary but ex-President Olusegun Obasanjo said his victory had k-leg–whatever that means–and as such, Ameachi was denied the party nomination, and the ticket was unjustly given to Celestine Omehia who did not participate in the PDP primary election. The Supreme Court nullified Omehia’s election on October 25, 2007, and asked that Amaechi be sworn in as governor.

It was what the lawyers call locus classicus. It was unprecedented for someone who did not campaign to be declared winner of the election and be asked to be sworn in ‘immediately’. The apex court reasoned that when people vote at elections, they are not voting stricto sensu for the candidate but the political party that sponsored them. This same principle of law was upheld by the Supreme Court in September 2016 when it ruled that the votes cast by the Kogi electorate purportedly for Prince Abubakar Audu who died before the conclusion of the November 2015 governorship election were cast for All Progressives Congress, and not for the dead candidate and as such Yahaya Bello who was eventually declared winner of the poll ‘inherited’ the votes.

During the tenure of Amaechi, Wike served as the Chief of Staff to the governor between 2007 – 2011. That was after he served as the Chairman of Obio-Akpor Local Government in Rivers State between 1999 – 2007.  Wike became Minister of State for Education between 14 July 2011 – April 2014. He had a bitter feud with his former principal; Ameachi, during this time, until Ameachi left PDP to join APC on November 26, 2013. Wike with the support of former President Goodluck Jonathan and his wife, Patience Jonathan won the PDP governorship primary and went on to win the governorship poll in 2015. He later served the mandatory two terms as governor of Rivers State and left office on May 29, 2023. In the lead-up to the 2023 governorship election, Wike pulled all the strings to make his former Accountant-General of Rivers State, Fubara, governor.

It is widely rumoured that Wike bankrolled the elections of most of the elected political officeholders in Rivers State during the 2023 general elections. Little wonder he has the firm control of the Rivers State House of Assembly to date. Wike also nominated a sizeable number of commissioners in Fubara’s cabinet. At least nine of those who resigned their portfolios in May this year headed key ministries in the state such as Attorney General and Commissioner for Justice, Finance, Education, Housing, Social Welfare, Environment, and Transport.

Governor Fubara only enjoyed about four months of peace after his inauguration as governor on May 29, 2023. The first sign of trouble took place on the night of Sunday, October 29, 2023, when an inferno gutted the assembly complex due to explosives purportedly ignited by unknown arsonists; by the dawn of Monday, October 30, the majority members of the assembly commenced impeachment proceedings against Fubara. They said he committed gross misconduct.

In the course of time, two factions of the House of Assembly emerged, both laying claim to be the authentic faction and having parallel sittings. The judiciary was dragged into the fray with both sides getting ex-parte orders and several court injunctions in their favour in Port Harcourt and Abuja. On Tuesday, December 12, Justice Monina Danagogo of the Rivers State High Court in Port Harcourt ruled that the authentic Speaker is Edison Ehie. The judge also restrained Martin Amaewhule and Dumle Maol from parading themselves as Speaker and Deputy Speaker respectively, or interfering with the activities of Ehie as the Speaker of the Assembly. This emboldened Fubara as he hurriedly presented the state’s N800bn 2024 Appropriation Bill to a four-member Assembly on Wednesday, December 13, and signed same into law the following day.

Fubara ordered the demolition of the House of Assembly. The same day he presented the budget to the minority House, excavators, wheel loaders, and other earth-moving equipment moved to the Rivers State House of Assembly, not to refurbish the torched complex, but to level the structures to the ground. On Monday, December 11, twenty-seven Rivers State lawmakers loyal to Wike defected to the All Progressives Congress citing division within the Peoples Democratic Party as well as the refusal of the state governor to pay their salaries and allowances.

President Tinubu mediated the crisis. The content of the eight-point resolution signed by the mediators and warring parties in the Rivers State crisis on Monday, December 18, 2023, stated as follows: Governor Fubara and his allies will withdraw all court cases related to the crisis. The state House of Assembly will drop impeachment proceedings initiated against Fubara.  The leadership of the House, under Speaker Amaewhule, will be recognised, along with the 27 lawmakers who defected from the Peoples Democratic Party. Governor Fubara will re-present the 2024 budget to the Amaewhule-led Assembly. Others are; Salaries and benefits for all Assembly members and staff will be restored. The assembly will have autonomy to choose its location and conduct business without interference from the executive. The governor will resubmit the names of resigned commissioners for approval and the dissolution of local governments is declared null and void.

While Governor Fubara implemented most of the resolutions, he did not re-present the state budget to the Speaker Amaewhule faction. When the tenure of the 23 Local Government chairpersons and councillors ended in May 2024, the Amaewhule faction of the State House of Assembly extended their tenure by six months. However, in a May 21, 2024   judgment, Justice Daketima Kio declared that the new law was inconsistent with the 1999 Constitution and Section 9 (1) of Rivers State Law No. 5 of 2018, which fixed the tenure of Rivers LG chairmen and councillors at three years. Governor Fubara in June 2024 appointed caretaker committees to oversee the affairs of the 23 LGAs in the state pending the time the Rivers State Independent Electoral Commission would conduct proper election into the councils.

However, the Supreme Court judgement of July 11, 2024, which granted financial autonomy to local governments in Nigeria also made it contingent for all local councils in Nigeria to be democratically governed in accordance with section 7(1) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, as altered. This newspaper in its August 13, 2024 edition reported that the federal and state government agreed on a three-month moratorium on the judgment of the Supreme Court. This is what Governor Fubara premised his willy-nilly conduct of October 5, 2024 Rivers State local government elections on. He claimed that if he did not conduct LG elections in the state before October 31, 2024, the Federal Government would seize the state allocation to LGAs.

Meanwhile, in the recently conducted Ward, LGA, and State PDP congresses held in the state, the Rivers State governor’s camp lost to his political godfather, Wike. Fubara therefore urged his supporters to move to Action Peoples Party to contest last Saturday’s election. At the end of the exercise, RSIEC chairman, Justice Adolphus Enebeli declared that APP won chairmanship in 22 of the 23 LGAs and 314 out of the 319 councillorship seats. Action Alliance won the Etche LGA chairmanship position. Ahead of the LG polls, there was a series of litigation and protests from the Wike’s camp to prevent the elections from being held. The newly elected council heads were inaugurated on Sunday, October 6, 2024.

The situation however took the turn for the worse when protests and arson rocked several of the council secretariats. As of last Monday, Ikwerre, Emourha, and Eleme council secretariats were torched by arsonists. A section of the Nigerian media also reported some deaths. This tragic situation is all about a power tussle on who controls the political structure in Rivers State. While president Bola Tinubu has urged calm and has asked the aggrieved party to go to court. If firm actions are not taken to curb the brewing violence in the state, it can sound the death knell of this Fourth Republic.

Recall that a similar operation ‘wetie’ happened during the post-election western region electoral crises in 1964 and 1965. This led to the first military takeover on January 15, 1966. President Tinubu should call his Minister of Federal Capital Territory, Nyesome Wike to order to allow for peace in his home state. It is widely believed that his foot soldiers are behind the ongoing arson in the state given that they have been the ones protesting the conduct of the local government elections before, during, and after the polls. Rivers State produces a significant quantum of Nigeria’s oil and gas; to allow it to be engulfed in political crisis is like cutting off one’s nose to spite one’s face.

NIGERIA is currently grappling with a rapidly escalating food insecurity crisis, a matter that has unfortunately been overlooked by both federal and state governments. This issue, with its severe implications for national security and economic stability, is not one that can be delayed.

According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, FAO, as of 2023, approximately 25 million Nigerians are facing moderate to severe food insecurity, a number that prioritises due to inflation, insecurity, and climate change. The nation risks more profound instability and economic decline if government does not act swiftly to prioritise food security.

Several factors contribute to food insecurity in Nigeria, including lack of access to affordable capital for farmers, insecurity in agricultural regions, and rising inflation. The agriculture sector, which employs over 70 per cent of the rural population, struggles under high interest rates, with commercial banks charging between 30-40 per cent, making it nearly impossible for farmers to secure loans for investment in modern techniques. Consequently, agricultural productivity has been declining, with a 15 per cent drop in output reported by the National Bureau of Statistics, NBS, between 2016 and 2021. Without intervention, this decline will lead to more significant food shortages.

Violence and insecurity are exacerbating the problem. Banditry, farmer-herdsmen conflicts, and kidnappings have forced many farmers from their land, particularly in Northern regions. According to the 2023 Global Terrorism Index, Nigeria ranks sixth globally for terrorism, and Zamfara State, once a major agricultural producer, has seen a 50 per cent drop in output due to these conflicts. The violence not only discourages investment but also forces farmers to abandon their fields, leading to reduced agrarian production and higher food prices.

Inflation exacerbates food insecurity, with Nigeria’s inflation rate reaching over 33 per cent in June 2024. Rising food prices have increased by 26.98 per cent between 2022 and 2023, pushing millions into deeper poverty in a country where over 40 per cent of the population already lives below the poverty line. Energy costs also play a role. The 2023 removal of fuel subsidies led to sharp increases in petrol and diesel prices, making it more expensive to power machinery and transport goods. Transportation costs alone increased by nearly 50 per cent, adding to the burden on farmers.

Nigeria’s poor infrastructure further worsens food insecurity. Bad roads, lack of rail systems, and insufficient storage facilities cause high post-harvest losses, estimated at 40 per cent by the World Bank in 2022. As a result, food becomes scarcer and more expensive, making it harder for Nigerians to afford proper nutrition.

To meet domestic food demand, Nigeria has increasingly turned to food imports. In 2023, the country spent over $5 billion on rice, wheat and maize imports. However, this reliance on foreign food threatens national security by making the country vulnerable to external shocks, such as global supply chain disruptions witnessed during the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine war. These events led to shortages and price hikes, highlighting the fragility of our food supply. Additionally, heavy food imports undermine local agricultural industries, contributing to job losses and stifling rural development.

Nigeria must address these challenges to a sustainable agricultural system. This requires significant investments in mechanisation, infrastructure, and agro-processing. The country has one of the lowest levels of mechanisation in Africa, with tractors per 1,000 hectares of arable land, far below the global average. Increased mechanisation would boost productivity  and make farming more attractive to younger generations. Fertiliser shortages, which contribute to lower yields, also need urgent attention. A 2023 report from the International Fertiliser Development Centre estimated a 40 per cent shortfall in fertiliser supply, further reducing crop yields.

Technology has the potential to revolutionise Nigerian agriculture. Innovations like precision farming, drone-assisted monitoring, and agrotech platforms could revolutionise farming practices. Nigerian startups like Thrive Agric and Farmcrowdy have already begun modernising farming, but more investments and support are needed to scale these efforts nationwide.

Efficient logistics and marketing systems are essential for moving produce from farms to markets. Poor transportation networks, especially in rural areas, impede agricultural trade. Agro-producing industries, which can add value to Nigeria’s agricultural products, hold immense potential for boosting exports and creating jobs. States like Niger, Kwara, Edo, and Enugu have already invested in agricultural development and agro industrialisation.

Addressing food insecurity requires strong leadership and political will. The government must articulate a clear vision with specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound, SMART, goals to transform agriculture. While short-term measures like food imports may temporarily ease the crisis, they do not address the underlying causes. Sustainable long-term strategies that improve agricultural productivity and self-reliance are essential to safeguarding Nigeria’s future stability.

In conclusion, Nigeria’s vast arable land and young population provide a strong foundation for agricultural growth, yet food insecurity remains a pressing issue. Food security is integral to national security, and hunger, in many ways, equates to warfare. To avoid a deepening crisis, Nigeria must invest in its agriculture sector, enhance productivity, and ensure efficient distribution and processing of food. The time to act is now before the ticking time bomb of food insecurity explodes, threatening the nation’s stability and prosperity. This is a call to action for all Nigerians, as everyone’s choices and actions can contribute to the solution.

The trouble with Nigeria is leadership

The late literary icon Chinua Achebe popularised this notion in his slim booklet, The Trouble With Nigeria, originally published in 1983 where he declared emphatically that the “trouble with Nigeria is simply and squarely a failure of leadership”. One of the problems with the ‘failure of leadership’ argument is the neglect of the influence of environmental variables – or what some would call the ‘Nigerian factor’ or political scientists would call ‘system dynamics’.

There is also a wrong belief that the followership is necessarily virtuous. Adherents of this perspective equally fail to explain convincingly how this ‘good leader’ would emerge, especially as it is commonly believed that a country often gets the leader it deserves or that the quality of the leadership is a reflection of the quality of the followership. 

In Nigeria, where the leadership recruitment system is structured in such a way that only those with deep pockets and rough edges have realistic chances of being elected as President or Governor(or in fact for most political positions), how will ‘nice’ fellows with impeccable credentials, manners and moderate views have any chance?  Even if such people win elections, will they be able to retrieve their mandate from the system?

People who believe that the trouble with Nigeria is “squarely” that of leadership will also often  talk about the “transformational” leadership examples of Lee Kuan Yew,  the Singaporean statesman and lawyer who served as the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990; Mahathir bin Mohamad, a Malaysian Doctor and politician  who served as the Fourth (1981 to 2003) and Seventh ( 2018 to February 2020) Prime Minister of Malaysia; and Paul Kagame of Rwanda who has been President of the country since 2000).

In fact, before becoming President in 2000, Kagame was considered Rwanda’s de facto leader when he was Vice President and Minister of Defence under President Pasteur Bizimungu from 1994 to 2000 after which the vice-presidential post was abolished. A crucial question here is: would these leaders have succeeded in Nigeria? Lee Kuan Yew ruled for 31 years; Mahathir Mohamad ruled for  a total of  24 years, while  Kagame has been ruling Rwanda effectively for over 30 years. Would Nigerians, in our context where our ethnic and religious identities are  more of ideologies, allow anyone of any ethnic background to dominate the polity for so long without this country being set literally on fire?

The trouble with Nigeria is corruption

It has become almost a mantra for many Nigerians to say that the problem with Nigeria is simply corruption, and some will add that if we do not kill corruption, corruption will kill the country. While I accept that corruption is a serious issue, my personal opinion is that it is merely the symptom of a more fundamental malaise. Corruption is a systemic problem that is exacerbated in climes where the nation-building process has manifestly failed – as in Somalia – or engulfed in deep crisis – as in Nigeria and several other African countries.

The best way (methodologically speaking) to assess the effectiveness of any fight against corruption is to use the ‘before’ and ‘after’ benchmark – that is to pose the question: what was the situation before the beginning of the ‘fight’ against corruption and what happened after the ‘fight’ started and afterwards? Procedural issues like how much money a financial crime buster succeeded in confiscating from people or how it has forced public figures to find other avenues of concealing their loot, are really mere details. If we have been right about corruption and the way to fight it, why has the incidence of corruption appeared to be increasing rather than declining despite the EFCC and ICPC? Why has ‘fighting corruption’ been a cornerstone policy of all the post-independence regimes in the country?  

Africa needs strong institutions, not strong men

In his speech on July 11, 2009 to the Ghanaian Parliament at the Accra International Conference Centre, then President Obama declared that “Africa doesn’t need strongmen, it needs strong institutions”. Since Obama’s famous speech, a new song emerged, and for a while dominated the political ecosystem:  “what Africa needs are strong institutions, not strong men”. What is easily discernible when people brandish the new mantra is the tendency to equate ‘institutions’ with structures, organisations or public bodies such as the civil service, the police, the parliament and contraptions that fight corruption like the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, EFCC, in Nigeria. This manner of understanding ‘institutions’ is at best only partially correct because institutions are also rules, conventions, ethos that have endured over time. Even individuals, to the extent that they purvey a certain brand, which is consistent over time, can also be called institutions. Since institutions necessarily have to be built by people, and since the environmental variables seriously constrain leaders who will want to encourage such, how will strong institutions then be built in a country like Nigeria?

Insecurity is the major problem of the country

With the wave of kidnappings, terrorism, banditry and armed robberies in the country, several analysts have argued that insecurity is indeed “the trouble with Nigeria”. For people who argue within this framework, insecurity inhibits foreign direct investments and scares away Diaspora Nigerians from returning home to invest in the country.

I will argue that while insecurity is a problem, especially in terms of discouraging farmers in heavily affected areas from going to their farms, it is not the fundamental trouble with Nigeria. In fact, some of the purveyors of the security challenges in the country such as the Boko Haram and separatist agitations, are often responses to other perceived grievances.  Without trying to trivialise the current security challenges, I also believe that it is an overstatement to say that insecurity inhibits foreign direct investment. The truth is that capital smells opportunity for accumulation and often moves into areas where it can reproduce itself – often regardless of the security situation there. Sometimes it moves into highly volatile areas like Iraq with its own security arrangements. This is why we see that in mineral-rich countries investments in those sectors continue despite insecurity – hence the evolution of such terminologies as “conflict diamonds” or “war diamonds”, meaning diamonds mined from war zones.

The fundamental problem of the country is the crisis in the nation-building argument

This has been my pet argument since February 2012 when I was invited by the Institute for Security Studies in Pretoria South Africa to develop a theoretical framework for understanding the Boko Haram phenomenon, after the group attached the United Nations Office in Abuja via a suicide bomber on August 26, 2011, killing 23 people and injuring more than 80 others. My argument was that the past efforts and projects at building unity in diversity were unravelling and that the crisis in Nigeria’s nation building feeds into the crisis of underdevelopment to create an existential crisis for many Nigerians. I contended that for many people and groups, a way of resolving the consequent sense of alienation appears to be to delink from the Nigerian state into primordial identities – often with the Nigerian state as the enemy. I called this a “de-Nigerianisation” process. Under the above situation, no leader or institution enjoys legitimacy across the major fault lines because people’s perception filters often coincide with their location in the fault lines. 

I argued that unless the crisis in the country’s nation-building process is resolved, any solution thrown at the country’s myriad problems will quickly become part of the problem. 

I have moderated my views on this:  A crucial question, therefore, is how do we re-start the stalled nation-building process in a highly polarised and low-trust country like ours where the action of every leader is likely to be viewed with deep suspicion? Also how can the nation-building process be re-started when leaders and their in-groups seem to assume that once they are in power, it is their turn and their in-groups – ethnic, religious and friends? Remarkably, the fear that a person who wins or captures state power will use that power to privilege himself or herself and the associated ethnic and religious in-groups and deliberate disadvantage others, is a major reason for the anarchic character of our politics.

*Jideofor Adibe is Professor of Political Science at Nasarawa State University, Keffi.

Slavery was not an invention of the West but rather a practice present in almost every civilization throughout history. Proof of slavery anteceded written records and dating back over 11,000 years. This widespread phenomenon has spanned nearly all civilizations, this includes ancient Egypt, China, Mesopotamian empires, the Persian Empire, ancient Israel, Greece, the Roman Empire, and ancient India. Additionally, slavery existed in Arab Islamic caliphates and Sultanates, as well as pre-Columbian civilizations of the Americas.

Slavery in antiquity arose from various forms. These included debt bondage, where individuals were enslaved due to unpaid debts or financial obligations. Penal servitude was another form, where criminals were sentenced to slavery as punishment. War captivity was common, with people captured during conflicts and war becoming slaves. Social abandonment also played a role, leaving vulnerable abandoned or orphaned children open to enslavement. Finally, hereditary enslavement ensured that children born to enslaved parents inherited slave status.

Africa's history of slavery predates European involvement by centuries. The continent endured ten painful centuries of Arab slavery before an additional four centuries of European slavery. The East African slave trade began before the advent of Islam, initiated by Arabs and marking the beginning of this tragic era. Eastern Africans and Arab enslavers sold Africans across vast trade networks, primarily targeting fellow East Africans. The spread of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula led to increased slavery in North Africa.

Islam's permissibility of enslaving non-Muslims contributed to its growth in popularity, and Muslim armies conquered vast territories by 633 CE, including Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Iraq, and parts of Iran and Turkey. In 650, Caliph Uthman's rule saw the prohibition of enslaving fellow Muslims, but not non-believers or those opposing Islam. The Caliphates' power in the 7th century solidified slavery as an organized venture in Africa, starting in Darfur in 652.

A peace agreement obligated the Sudanese leader to pay an annual tribute of hundreds of African slaves to Arab invaders, a practice that continued for centuries. Arab slavery gradually expanded to some part of sub-Saharan Africa, with many enslaved Africans sold to Mediterranean and Middle Eastern civilizations. A small percentage were taken to North Africa, leading some Africans, particularly in North Africa, to convert to Islam as a means of protection against enslavement.

After 10 centuries of Arab slavery in Africa, primarily in northern Africa, eastern regions and some parts of sub-Saharan Africa, the Arab invasion of West Africa's rainforest coast posed significant challenges. The dense forest terrain, unlike the north and east Africa which is mostly savanna. This hindered Arab armies and cavalry, leading them to focus on more accessible and familiar regions.

In west Africa, just like other civilizations, historical records indicate slavery has been in practice since the 13th century, long before European arrival mainly as a result of tribal and inter-tribal war of kingdom expansion but the Portuguese initiated transatlantic slave trade in the West Africa's coast, including Nigeria, in the late 15th century.

The Portuguese Empire, one of Europe's longest-lived colonial empires, began in the 15th century and expanded globally. In the late 15th century, a labor shortage arose in the New World (North, Central, South America, and the Caribbean) to cultivate sugarcane, cotton etc. Native populations struggled with the rigorous labor, prompting a search for alternative workforce sources.

Catholic Bishop Bartolome de las Casas suggested Africans as the ideal labor source due to their perceived strengths, hard work, resilience, adaptability to new climates, immunity to diseases, and supposed controllability. These criteria led to the targeting of Africans for slavery.

In the late 15th century, Portuguese explorers arrived in West Africa, ostensibly seeking gold and ivory but actually initiating the transatlantic slave trade. They employed a strategy combining religion, gifts, and money, similar to Arab methods in its religious aspect. Prince Infante Dom Henrique, who is also dubbed as ‘Prince Henry the Navigator’, was instrumental in the establishment of the slave trade in Lagos around 1444.

June 18, 1452, marks a pivotal day in the history of African slavery. On this date, Pope Nicholas V promulgated the papal bull Dum Diversas. proclaiming that Catholic nations had the authority to condemn enemies of Christ to eternal slavery. Ironically, this decree primarily targeted Africans who were not hostile towards Christianity, but rather unaware of the christian religion.

The Portuguese continued their slave trade expansion along West Africa's coast, targeting the region due to its ease of accessibility via the Atlantic Ocean. Their strategy was designed to exploit local populations, employing the same religious tactics Arabs had used to enslave North Africans. This tactic effectively facilitated the enslavement of Africans.

An African-American reader of my book, "The Escapades of Abisogun," who bought the book on Amazon contacted me  with a thought-provoking question. He praised the book's portrayal of Abisogun as a fearless warrior, acknowledging its historical fiction genre while also recognizing the accuracy of the African warrior culture depicted. He then asked, "Given the strength and bravery of African warriors, how did Europeans subdue Africa so easily and enslave its people for many years?"

I explained that European slavers, who arrived on West Africa's coast had no intention of venturing deep inland, faced three significant challenges; Fear of diseases and insect-borne illnesses due to limited medical advancements at the time. Two, unfamiliarity with West Africa's dense forest terrain, unlike Muslim Arabs who knew North Africa's landscape and most importantly awareness of West African warriors' fighting skills and resistance when united.

To overcome these challenges, Europeans exploited existing divisions among west African kingdoms, which were already engaged in wars for territorial expansion. They collaborated with willing African leaders, mostly kings who sold fellow Africans into slavery in exchange for guns and gunpowder to fuel their own wars. Also mirrors, alcohol, beads, cloth etc are traded for slaves.

The primary suppliers of slaves were African kings, warriors, and the wealthy elite. Initially, the slaves were mainly victims of war and captives of conflict, a consequence of the long history of inter-kingdom wars and territorial expansion that predated the arrival of the Portuguese. African kingdoms had been engaging in fierce battles for dominance and territory, resulting in a steady supply of war captives who were then sold or traded into slavery. This tragic reality facilitated the transatlantic slave trade, as European slavers exploited these existing divisions and conflicts to fuel their own demand for slaves.

The transatlantic slave trade escalated as European demand for sugar and cotton surged, leading to an increased need for labor. African slaves consistently met expectations. The demand for more slaves resulted in fueling wars waged solely to capture more slaves. This brutal cycle stimulates slave raiders who kidnapped, degraded, and enslaved their fellow neighbor. Additionally, artifacts, crafts, ivory and gold were looted alongside slaves by the Europeans.

During the Renaissance, Portugal dominated the global economy, thanks to its advanced navigation, exploration, and conquests. However, the Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604) and the Battle of Swally (1612) marked the beginning of Portugal's decline. The British East India Company's victory over the Portuguese signaled a shift in power towards Western Europe, with Britain's influence growing.

As Portuguese power waned, other nations ventured into cultivating and producing sugar, cotton, and tobacco. They faced the same labor challenges and adopted the Portuguese template by turning to African slaves, particularly from West Africa, where slave trading had become entrenched as African leaders and sellers were always willing to enslave and sell their fellow Africans.

The British arrival on West Africa's coast marked a significant shift in the slave trade. Unlike the Portuguese, who introduced Catholicism, the British brought Anglicanism. Initially, slave trading was a minor business, but the British transformed it into a large-scale operation with a new format. Great Britain was the originator  of what is called The triangular trade, also known as the triangle trade. A system of three-way transatlantic exchanges that lasted for 300 years (16th to 19th centuries).

The triangular trade involved three regions: Europe, Africa, and the New World (North, Central, South America, and the Caribbean). It operated in three stages:

1. Europe to Africa: European goods like guns, gunpowder, cloth, alcohol, and tobacco were shipped to the West Africa coast and traded for slaves, mostly through barter systems. Slaves captured by fellow Africans or purchased from local slavers will be exchanged or traded for these products. 
2. Africa to the New World: Slaves were transported to the north, central and south America and Caribbean Islands, along with remaining European goods. Ship merchants sold slaves and the goods to plantation owners.

III. Americas to Europe: Slaves were sold to plantation owners, and commodities like sugar, molasses, cotton, tobacco, rum, rice, lumber, animal pelts, and more were purchased and shipped to Europe, concluding the triangular movement. This cycle repeated for 300 years.

Africans endured 1,400 years of slavery, including 1,000 years of pain and agony in the hands of Arab slavers, 100 years of sorrow under Portuguese slave traders, and 300 years of slavery under British and other European powers. The countries that dominated the transatlantic slave market until the 18th century were Great Britain, Portugal, and France.

Initially, Queen Elizabeth I opposed capturing Africans against their will, but later lent Royal Ships to slaving expeditions after seeing the huge profits available. However, abolitionism emerged as one of Britain's first lobbying movements. In 1787, the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade came into existence.

It also took the efforts of African writers and activists, notably Olaudah Equiano, who joined forces with influential figures like William Wilberforce MP and Thomas Clarkson to vehemently denounce and stand against the slave trade and its brutality. These writers, former slaves themselves, wrote about their horrific experiences. Abolitionists argued that ending the slave trade would save lives, open new markets, and stop an immoral practice.

Despite pro-slavery opposition highlighting the economic importance of Caribbean plantations, abolitionists presented strong arguments against the slave trade, including its immorality, humanitarian concerns, and economic benefits. They mobilized unprecedented public support through campaigns, petitions, lectures, and boycotts, ultimately hitting the slave trade's economic interests.

The abolitionist movement celebrated a major triumph early 19th century with a significant turning point in the fight against slavery, as Britain's Parliament took bold action in year eighteen hundred and seven, outlawing the exploitative slave trade through landmark legislation. Nevertheless, this landmark legislation fell short of freeing all enslaved individuals, as over 700,000 people remained in bondage within British Caribbean colonies.

Interestingly, opposition to slave abolitionism didn't only come from pro-slavery advocates in Britain, but also from some African kings who sought to maintain the profitable trade. Notably, two prominent African kings even petitioned the King of England to continue the slave trade. Although other Western European nations disagreed with abolition, Great Britain's dominant global influence deterred them from openly challenging its authority. Consequently, the slave trade went underground, with several high-profile attempts to defy Britain's ban ultimately failed.

Another factor contributing to the decline of slavery was the British Industrial Revolution (1760-1840), which brought innovative mechanization and significant social change. As Britain became the world's first industrialized nation, machines replaced human labor, reducing the demand for slaves and paving the way for the eventual abolition of slavery.

To set the record straight, Europeans did not invade West African streets to hunt slaves, as some may think. Instead, West African leaders sold their own people to Europeans. While conflicts did arise between Europeans and some African settlements, the majority of slaves were either sold to Europeans or exchanged for goods by fellow African.

In East Africa, Africa's birthplace of transborder slavery, local east Africans engaged in the sale of their fellow Africans to Arab slave traders. And the Trans-Saharan slave trade saw Muslim Arabs strategically utilizing African converts to Islam as intermediaries, enabling them to infiltrate and exploit additional African communities especially in north Africa.

The involvement of African kings in the slave trade is a complex and contentious issue, warranting careful consideration. While some African leaders and kings regrettably participated in the trade, many others demonstrated remarkable courage and resilience by actively resisting it, even sacrificing their lives in the process. Notably, numerous kings took a strong stance against slavery, refusing to sell their subjects or neighbors, and thereby protecting their communities from the brutal forces of exploitation. Likewise many anti-slavery heroes arose across Africa.

Africans are capable of resisting slavery if united, but their spirit of resistance was broken by division. Both Arabs and Europeans used division to their advantage. In North Africa, religion was used to divide, pitting converted Muslims against non-Muslims. In West Africa, religious and economic incentives motivated leaders and the affluent to sell neighbors' children into slavery.

Despite this division, historical records show that Africans resisted slavery. Between 1688 and 1807, slaves and local populations damaged nearly 20% of all slave ships. The Igbo Landing in 1803, where 75 Igbo captives revolted and chose death over enslavement, is another notable example of resistance. Many African communities also engaged Europeans in violent resistance, successfully repelling them. Tragically, many of these heroes were betrayed by their own kin, ultimately falling to their oppressors.

Slaves in the Caribbean deployed tactics like feigning illness, sabotage, damaging tools and violent insurrection to resist their enslavement. In a historic uprising, self-emancipated Haitian slaves defeated colonial forces and fended off European attacks, securing Haiti's independence in 1804 and forging the first black nation to achieve self-rule globally.

The Saharan and Atlantic slave traders both inflicted immense suffering on Africa, but their objectives, methods, religious aspects, and racist attitudes differed significantly.

Arab traders primarily sought domestic servants, soldiers, and eunuchs for their harems, whereas European traders had industrial-scale demands, seeking slaves solely for profit. Arab invaders conquered North Africa with horses and swords, offering Africans three options: convert to Islam, face death, or be taken as slaves. In contrast, European slave traders did not invade African streets but instead used local collaborators to hunt and exchange Africans for money or gifts.

During the Saharan trade and Arab expansion, conversion to Islam often provided Africans with a degree of protection from invaders, as they were then regarded as fellow Muslims. Just accepting Arab religion, customs and traditions could also offer a sense of belonging. In contrast, the conversion to Christianity during the transatlantic slave trade era presented a different scenario. European slave masters often used religion as a means to exert control over enslaved individuals' minds, aiming to subordinate their minds and maintain dominance. By accepting Christianity, enslaved people may have unwittingly facilitated their own subjugation, as their captors saw religious conversion as a key aspect of their strategy to maintain power and control. 

To maintain submission and control of slaves; suppressing slaves' cultural identities is also another task of European slave masters. Slaves were punished for speaking their languages, communicating, or praying according to their cultures, as this reminded them of their heritage, culture, roots and religion which posed a threat to slave masters. 

Remarkably, the Yoruba people successfully preserved their cultural heritage, traditions, and religious practices even after being forcibly taken from Africa, leaving an indelible mark on the Southern American and Caribbean regions. This makes them a unique exception among African tribes, as their cultural legacy continues to thrive in the New World to this day.

European slavery was also deeply rooted in racism, whereas Arab slaves could adopt Islam, and their children might not be slaves.

What's the purpose of writing this extensive article? 

Why revisit the dark chapter of slavery and its lingering impact on Africans, particularly West Africans like myself, who still grapple with Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS)? However, while time may heal scars, understanding the root causes of our suffering is crucial for true healing. By confronting our past and acknowledging its ongoing effects, we can begin to learn from our collective experiences and move forward.

Regrettably, African leaders have failed to learn from history and continue to perpetuating a modern form of slavery in three ways:

Firstly, they prioritize their own comfort, indulging in luxurious lifestyles while their citizens struggle to access basic necessities. This is achieved through embezzlement, diverting resources meant for the masses to serve their own interests. Disconcertingly, this mirrors the actions of historical leaders who sold Africans into slavery for personal gain, disregarding the suffering and fate of their people. Just as those former kings prospered at the expense of their own people's misery, today's leaders similarly mirror the past, prioritizing personal gain and interest over the welfare of their people, thereby reinforcing a harmful dynamic of exploitation and neglect. 

Secondly, despite Africa's vast resources, many Africans are compelled to migrate to other continents in pursuit of better opportunities as a result of the bad leadership of the ruling class, only for some to encounter exploitation and racism from the same Arab and European nations that previously enslaved them. This stark reality echoes the painful history of African kings who forcibly sold their own people, including neighbors’ children, into slavery, condemning them to face brutality and death in foreign lands. The pattern of exploitation continues, as Africans are still forced to flee their homeland in search of a better life, only for some to face similar mistreatment and oppression.

Thirdly, Africa's significant debt to China and European nations is a cause for alarm, given the continent's numerous resources probably surpassing those of its creditors. Historically, when Europeans arrived on West Africa's coast, our ancestors possessed a wealth of resources, including gold, ivory, crafts and others, that can be traded. Yet, they chose to sacrifice their own people, selling them into slavery. Similarly, today's African leaders neglect the continent's abundant resources, preferring to borrow from other nations, thereby mortgaging the future of their unborn generations. This cycle of debt threatens to ensnare Africa in a modern form of slavery and enslavement. Paralleling the past, where leaders traded their children's lives for worthless items like alcohol, gunpowder and mirrors, today's leaders compromise our collective future for short-term gains, condemning Africa to debt slavery.

It is heartbreaking that the same religious ideologies used to enslave our ancestors still divide us today in Africa. Many people remain unaware that religion is a cultural construct, shaped by belief, tradition, and spiritualism. Each race and tribe promotes their own brand of religion, often at the expense of others. African beliefs are frequently deemed inferior, despite the fact that Judaism, which is the root of Islam and Christianity, borrowed significantly from African culture and traditions. This is not a condemnation or endorsement of any religion, but a call to recognize the harmful nature of religious division. If your faith leads you to see fellow Africans as enemies or unbelievers simply because they hold different beliefs, then you remain enslaved. True freedom lies in embracing our shared humanity and heritage.

What deeply saddens me is seeing North Africans, who were severely impacted by slavery, losing their cultural heritage, norms, and way of life to their Arab enslavers, yet they still manage to oppress and torment other Africans. Similarly, it is disheartening to see South Africans, who should be champions of love and understanding due to their own painful experiences, succumb to xenophobia and target fellow Africans. This irony is a painful reminder of the lingering effects of slavery and colonialism, which continue to divide Africa.

If your wealth, position, and status lead you to view fellow Africans as less human than yourself and prompt you to mistreat them, then you are indeed a slave and not the master you claim to be. That attitude is a classic example of an unrepentant slave mentality, where one's ego and entitlement blind them to the shared humanity of others.

Nothing epitomizes a slave mentality more than when you're ashamed of your language, culture, traditions, and roots. This is a affliction worse than slavery itself. As the legendary Robert Nesta Marley so eloquently put it, "Emancipate yourselves from mental slavery. None but ourselves can free our minds." When you reject your own heritage and identity, you're perpetuating a form of self-imposed bondage. True freedom begins with embracing and celebrating your authentic self, unshackled from the chains of shame and self-doubt.

African leaders must unite and strongly condemn all forms of modern slavery, which inflict intense pain and evoke the traumatic memories of our troubled past. These heinous practices include human trafficking, forced labor, sex slavery, racism, bonded labor/debt slavery, child labor, forced marriage, organ harvesting, domestic servitude, child soldiers, wage slavery, child domestic servitude, child molestation by guardians and parents, employment exploitation, forced begging, using children for street begging, woman enslavement against her will, online exploitation, and other forms of modern slavery including religion slavery. To combat these atrocities, we must raise awareness and foster international cooperation with global partners. Additionally, it is crucial to support survivors affected by these forms of modern slavery. My Emphasis is the importance of African leaders taking collective action.

It is a time for reflection, beckoning us to delve into our past, scrutinize our present, and envision a radiant future. The time has come for Africa to unite and reclaim its rightful place on the global stage. Until we embrace our shared identity and stand as one, Nigeria and Africa will remain stagnant. Let us transcend our differences and collectively strive to build nations where justice, peace, freedom and unity flourish. Together, we can forge a brighter tomorrow and make our black race proud.

Dr. Samuel Olanrewaju Bill

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The author of “The Escapades Of Abisogun”

I share some similarities with the celebrant of today, Comrade Jola Ogunlusi. Before 1996, we were both from the old Ondo state. I am from Idanre in Idanre local government of Ondo state, while he is from Esun Ekiti in Ikole local government Area of Ekiti state. Longevity runs in his family. His father died at the age of 131 while his grandmother died at the age of 122. His mother died at the age of 110. He is just 90.

He grew up with his grandmother Princess Oguntuka also from a royal family but married to Oba Adumure, Elesun of Esun-Ekiti.
At that time only two of his mother’s children survived, himself and Mrs Idowu Aruleba, mother of Gbenga Aruleba of African Independent Television (AIT). He was given many Abiku names which he jettisoned later and adopted Emmanuel Ajibola-Iya.

He attended different schools in Odo-Oke, Aiyedun and Esun-Ekiti and finally completed his standard six in 1953. There was no job for a year. He was going to the farm with his father.
But from 1955 to 1958, he was a teacher. His first salary was 48pounds per annum. It was later increased to 56pounds a year with arrears. From his salary, he bought a bicycle which he rode to school. It was a fine, well-decorated bicycle.

His preference was to study Medicine at the University. An incident motivated him. In 1955 when he was a teacher, they sent him to his only sister, Idowu, who was ill.
He returned home late in the day. They had already presumed she was dead. He went into the room, took her hand and noticed she was warm. He used his knowledge of first aid to remove the mucus that blocked her nostrils. Then she started breathing.

Comrade Ogunlusi worked in Iroyin Yoruba, Daily Sketch, Gbohun Gbohun Nigerian Tribune and New Nigerian. He worked with Lamp magazine and also wrote for the African Arik published by the University of California.

In 1977, he rose to be the National secretary of the NUJ.

In 1972, I joined the Nigerian Tribune as a reporter. We worked under our then Managing Director, Alhaji Lateef Kayode Jakande (23 July 1929-11 February 2021), who was later elected governor of Lagos state in 1979.

Those of us in the Tribune then were Mr. Osugbohun, Alfred Ilere, Soji Alakuro, Mufu Akinloye, Tope Orimoloye, Toye Akiyode (Agosco), Dan Ikuniaye, Bode Oyewole, Bayo Osiyemi, Folu Olamiti, Kayode Osifeso and others, while our news editor was Fola Oredoyin. Our Editor then was Ikhan Yakubu and our editor in chief was Mr. Kayode Bakare.
Incidentally in 1975, I was elected the western state secretary of the NUJ. A plaque is at the press centre in Ibadan today to remind us all.

I was the last person to hold that post till Oyo, Ogun and Ondo states were created on February 13, 1976 by General Murtala Mohammed GCFR (8 November 1938 – 13 February 1976). After the creation of states, there was pressure on us to sell the assets of the Western state NUJ including the present press club in Ibadan. We resisted the pressure. That is why the press centre still belong to the journalists today.

During that time, there were newspapers and there were newspapers. That was before THISDAY, DAILY TRUST, THE NATION, THE NATIONAL CONCORD, THE VANGUARD, THE PUNCH, THE SUN, DAILY TELEGRAPH, DAILY INDEPENDENT, PILOT, THE MATRIX, BUSINESS DAY, THE POINT, LEADERSHIP and other reigning newspapers of today, were established.

At that time, we had THE NIGERIAN STANDARD in Jos, THE CHRONICLE in Calabar, THE NIGERIAN TIDE in Port Harcourt, THE NIGERIAN OBSERVER in Benin city, THE DAILY SKETCH in Ibadan, THE NIGERIAN HERALD later in Ilorin, THE NEW NIGERIAN in Kaduna and the powerful DAILY TIMES in Lagos.

During this period, THE DAILY TIMES was the most circulated. There was a column in the New Nigerian then called CANDIDO. It was during this period that the celebrant of today worked in the New Nigerian. CANDIDO was a must read for decision makers in Nigeria.

To its credit, THE NEW NIGERIAN has produced outstanding journalists in this country. Among whom were Alhaji Mamma Daura, Alhaji Adamu Ciroma, the present Monarch of Badagry, Oba Babatunde Akran, Aholu Menu Toyi 1, Mr Mike Pearce, Alhaji Mohammed Haruna, Owolabi Ilori, Nat Balogun, Alaja Browne, Yakubu Mohammed, Nkem Agetua, Yinka Guedon, Clement Eluaka, Mr Tayo Kehinde, Alhaji Adamu Adamu, Chief Olugbayo Ogunleye, Mr. Gboyega Amoboye alias THE GOVERNOR, who is today the Chairman of Lagos wing of Veteran Journalists, Alhaji Turi Mohammed, Mr. Nvendaga Jibo, Mr. Stephen Bamigbele, Mr. Ndanusa Alao, Clem Baiye, Dan Agbese, Abba Dabo, James Jukwe, Moses Olorode, Alaye Gbenoba, Clement Agba, Buka Zarma, Buki Wilson, Adebola Idowu, Yinka Dagunduro, Sehinde Dagunduroro, Biola Ajoni, Victor Awogu, Otunba Segun Runsewe, Dayo Onibile, Fola Asiru and so many of them.

To count on positive things that newspapers have done for this country is like counting on the number of times the rain has fallen in a year. Let me refer to one, that still affect us today.
In January 1970, the DAILY TIMES published an editorial pleading that Nigeria must adopt left hand drive policy.

On January 30 of that year, the then head of state, General Yakubu Gowon GCFR (89), inaugurated a commission, to deal with the issue. The commission was headed by the then Chief Executive of The Daily Times, Alhaji Babatunde Jose (13 December 1925- 2 August 2008).

In March 1972, the then Minister of Works and Housing, whose Ministry was in charge of Transportation, Alhaji Femi Okunnu announced that with effect from Sunday, April 2, 1972, Nigeria would operate left hand policy. The policy is still operating till today unlike what operates in some Commonwealth countries like United Kingdom, Kenya, Australia, Uganda and South Africa.

I have spoken from the viewpoint of a newspaper man. I hope outstanding radio and television journalists like Mr. Gbenga Onayiga, Bayo Awosemo, Sola Atere, Bayo Adewusi, Vera Ifudu, Emman Okondo, Bisi Olatilo, Adebayo Bodunrin, Bola Oyeladun, Frank Olize, John Momoh, Nduka Obaigbena, Jimi Disu, Jones Usen, Chris Anyanwu, Jumoke Susan Fajana(now based in London), Yori Folarin, Mac Amarere, Lekan Alabi, Abike Dabiri, Bankole Laotan, Blossom Ubani, Augusta Maduegbuna, Seun Okibaloye, Stella Din Jacob, Ladi Lawal and so many others who are either here or here in spirit or have departed, will pardon me.

A journalist is a person who gathers information in the form of text, audio or pictures, process it into a newsworthy form and disseminates it to the public.
Journalists can be broadcast, print, advertising or public relations personnel. Depending on the form of journalism, "journalist" may also describe various categories of people by the roles they play in the process. These includes reporters, correspondents, citizen journalist, editors, editorial writers, columnists and photojournalists.

A reporter is a type of journalist who researches, writes and reports on information in order to present using sources. This may entail conducting interviews, information-gathering and/or writing articles. Reporters may split their time between working in a newsroom, from home or outside to witness events or interviewing people. Reporters may be assigned a specific beat (area of coverage).
I see journalism as a way to learn more every day and try to work on my ignorance and understand the difference ways of life and how people live. Curiosity motivates every journalist. If you want to

know the impact of a journalist just stay a day without listening to the news both in the radio, television or newspapers. It’s as if you are in a prison yard.
Our job is a noble profession. After waking up every morning, checking on his health and offering his prayers, the next thing an average journalist does is to listen to the news or read the papers. It is a very interesting routine.

Journalists always strive to be fair, accurate, and complete.
Fair means being fair to the evidence. A good rule of thumb is the more evidence you have, the less balance you need.
Accurate means verifying all the information in the story and being transparent about what you know, how you know it and what you don’t know. It also means remembering that journalistic truth is provisional. Like scientific truth, it changes over time as more evidence becomes available.

Complete means learning as much about the story through as wide an array of sources as possible so you can include a range of relevant and diverse points of view.
In the civil service if you reach the age of sixty or put in thirty-five years of service, you are to retire. And when you retire in the service you will collect your gratuity and continue to live on your pension. But in our profession, we do not retire. There is no such thing as a former journalist. There is no age limit to the practice of journalism.

The body that invited us to this lecture is called LEAGUE OF VETERAN JOURNALISTS. League means an association of persons or group united by common interests or goals. It could also mean fellowship or solidarity while a veteran means a person who has had long experience in a particular field or job. It is not a league of retired journalists.
The topic given to me is to speak on LIFE AFTER RETIREMENT FOR JOURNALISTS. I have been ruminating on the subject. And I doubt whether journalists really retire. I think the topic should have been LIFE WHEN JOURNALISTS STOP GOING TO OFFICES.

I remember a refrain that says OLD SOLDIERS NEVER DIE, THEY SIMPLY FADE AWAY. It originates from a stanza from the soldiers' folklore song Old Soldiers Never Die. In the United States, the phrase was used by General Douglas MacArthur in his April 19, 1951 farewell address to the U.S. Congress (which has become known as the "Old Soldiers Never Die" speech).

Journalists are like old soldiers. They don’t really retire they just fade away when the time comes. They are active till the end if their health can sustain them. If journalists retire why should Chief Olusegun Osoba at 85, the twice elected governor of Ogun state be reporting till today. If journalists retire why should veterans like Chief Tola Adeniyi, Sam Omatseye, Dan Agbese, Dele Sobowale, Lanre Idowu, Reuben Abati, Magnus Ibe, Bunmi Sofola, Dupe Ajayi, Medline Tador, Comfort Obi, Tunde Fagbenle, Azuibike Ishiekwene, Kayode Komolafe, Yakubu Mohammed, Ray Ekpu, Soji Akinrinade, Lade Bonuola, Bayo Osiyemi, Ayo Akinkuotu, Dare Babarinsa, Dayo Sobowale, Martins Oloja, Muyiwa Adetiba and many others still be writing columns. The truth is that journalists have an active mind. They may not be rich but they perform essential services to the world.

An average journalist has a little knowledge of everything. Although his services may not be appreciated but he or she takes satisfaction in rendering services to the world. I am proud to be a journalist.
But when we stop going to offices, we still take part in communal services to the society either in the church, mosque, communities where we live or in society generally. Some write books and hardly can you find a journalist that does not read books.

In the last two decades, technology has sparked seismic shifts in journalism. Three developments stand out: the internet, mobile devices and social media. Together, they have changed the accessibility, creation and delivery of journalism. Today, almost every adult in Nigeria connects to the internet and social media through a digital service. Their extensive use makes it easy to forget that these technologies are relatively new to our daily lives.

The old journalism that we grew up with is more or less dead, thanks to advancements in technology, a new branch has emerged—digital journalism.
New organisations now use multiple media platforms to publish content online, including: websites and blogs, mobile apps, podcasts, data analysis and visualisations, photos and videos, social media, augmented reality and interactive web experiences.

Digital media has created exciting opportunities for journalists to produce and share their stories.
In Nigeria today, social media has become a powerful source of digital news. It cannot be ignored.

The widespread consumption of social media means journalists need the skills to: connect with audiences on the most popular platforms; report in real-time on the various social platforms--this involves critical and creative thinking about the most appropriate media for each platform and build a personal brand on social media.

With this development, an active journalist must adapt to this new technology and it is impossible to retire as a journalist. Journalism is a developing profession. The public’s growing preference for digital media means that digital journalism skills are now imperative. Journalists must be able to strategically use digital storytelling tools to connect with audiences on various platforms. This means thinking critically and creatively about the best forms of media to serve the target audience.

Since most Journalists can’t take part in the only lucrative business in the country now---Party Politics—they should exploit the opportunities offered by digital journalism. The opportunities are very wide. As a matter of fact, some journalists have seized on the opportunities, some of them are now bloggers and they do it from the comfort of their homes. Life itself is a continuity. You cannot withdraw from life as long as your health can still sustain you.

I can tell you blogging it’s a rewarding way to hone your writing skills, explore new ideas and build an online presence that revolves around your passions and expertise. You’ll get the chance to inspire, educate, and entertain your readers—and as your blog grows, you can even start making money and turn it into a full-time job or use it to start a business.

In other words, blogging is the first step toward finally pursuing your dream job or favorite hobby, so you really can’t go wrong. While starting a blog might seem daunting, I’m going to walk you through every step to make it as smooth and successful as possible. The process is actually quite easy, and you’ll have your blog up and running, as well as your first blog post written, before you know it. When the journalist was regularly going to the office in his prime time, the family was the victim for lack of time, care and neglect. Now that the journalist no longer go to the office, he or she must find time for his or her family---the kids and the grandchildren.

As we all know, the family is the most important thing in this world. Family is important because if offers emotional support, nurtures a feeling of belonging, encourages educational growth, and fosters cognitive development. A family meets diverse needs throughout the various phases of life, from infancy through old age. A good family is a source of emotional support and unconditional love. Families shape an individual’s identity and belonging from old age. As social creatures, belonging to a group is important for our self-concept. Families provide a sense of social identity, a sense of self, and a feeling that we belong to something larger than ourselves.

Families instill values, beliefs, and norms in children that support a peaceful, well-functioning society. They teach kids fundamental social skills like language, customs, roles, and norms. They also shape children’s prosocial behaviors like cooperation, respect, and contribution to the community. Well-socialised children grow into productive adult citizens. I don’t think there is a better alternative than a good family. No matter the power, money and fame, there is no better prize than the family. Family adds value to life.

At a lively bar somewhere in Lagos, on a typical evening of banter and discussions about politics, sports, and the day’s frustrations, a friend interrupted the flow of conversations. “Have you seen this?” he asked, waving his phone towards a group of friends including this writer, our laughter fading as we caught a glimpse of the headline: “I’m not thinking of 2027 now – Tinubu.”

As expected, that single headline stirred emotions. Reactions ranged from skepticism to outright frustration. One man, clearly unable to contain his alarm, blurted out, “Is he planning on going for a second term already?” Others, with their brows furrowed, exchanged glances filled with anxiety, as if asking themselves, “Is this the nightmare we are headed towards?”

The response to the headline underscores the unease and collective anxiety gripping many Nigerians today. It is not so much that President Bola Ahmed Tinubu openly declared his intention to run again in 2027. In fact, his statement seemed to imply the opposite, as he expressed that he was not currently focused on the future election. But to many Nigerians who have borne the brunt of his policies since taking office on May 29, 2023, the mere suggestion of another term under Tinubu’s administration stirs a sense of dread.

At the heart of this growing anxiety lies the economic hardship that has unfolded over the past few months. For many, the burden has been unbearable. Fuel subsidies were removed, the naira was devalued, and inflation spiraled out of control, making basic necessities like food and transportation almost unaffordable for the average Nigerian. These were moves intended to jump-start an ailing economy, but instead, they’ve pushed millions deeper into poverty.

So, when the topic of another Tinubu presidency comes up, even indirectly, it is no surprise that the immediate reaction from most Nigerians is one of fear. To them, it is not just about who is in power, but about the reality they have been forced to live with since Tinubu took over.

For many Nigerians, the term “hardship” has become synonymous with Tinubu’s first few months in office. While his administration has championed tough reforms that it believes will ultimately benefit the country, the short-term impact has been devastating.

First, the removal of fuel subsidies sent shockwaves through the economy. Gas prices tripled overnight, and with Nigeria being a country where the price of fuel affects nearly every aspect of daily life, the effects were immediate. Transportation costs surged, making commuting a daily struggle. Small businesses, dependent on affordable fuel for their operations, either scaled back drastically or shut down entirely. The increase in fuel costs also had a domino effect on food prices, with items like rice, bread, and cooking oil becoming almost twice as expensive within weeks.

Then came the currency devaluation. Tinubu’s government unified the exchange rate system, which led to the naira losing significant value against the US dollar. While the move was intended to attract foreign investment and stabilize the economy in the long run, the immediate impact was inflation. Imported goods—ranging from electronics to medicines, became more expensive, further stretching the budgets of already struggling households.

Adding to this financial squeeze were rising electricity tariffs and increased taxes, all of which have made life more difficult for the average Nigerian. To put it plainly, many feel like they have been asked to carry a burden that is disproportionately heavy on the poorest and most vulnerable.

The Tinubu administration argues that these changes are necessary for the long-term stability and growth of the Nigerian economy. But as the weeks turn into months, the patience of the Nigerian people is wearing thin. Many are questioning whether the promised benefits will ever materialize, or if this is simply a case of the rich getting richer while the poor are left to suffer.

When a man at a Lagos bar questions whether Tinubu is eyeing a second term, what he is really asking is: “Can we survive another four years like this?” The fear is not so much about Tinubu himself, but about the policies and the harsh realities they have created.

Many Nigerians are still trying to wrap their heads around the present challenges, let alone contemplate the possibility of enduring them for a second term. The anxiety is understandable. From the young professionals struggling to make ends meet in Lagos, to the farmers in rural areas who cannot afford basic tools due to skyrocketing prices, the sentiment is largely the same: “When will relief come?”

The distrust that many Nigerians have towards the ongoing government also plays a role in the skepticism around Tinubu’s comment. Politicians, historically, have been known to downplay their ambitions, only to make a surprising move later on. Could this be a subtle precursor to Tinubu announcing his bid for a second term?

President Tinubu still has time to make good on his promises, but that window is narrowing. His administration has pointed to its long-term vision for economic growth, job creation, and infrastructure development. But Nigerians, rightfully so, are asking to see tangible results now, not in a vague future.

To regain the trust of the people, Tinubu will have to focus on easing the daily struggles that many are facing. Economic reforms are necessary, but without mitigating their immediate impact on the population, they will only fuel further discontent. The government must ensure that social safety nets, such as the distribution of palliatives, reach those who need them most.

There is also a growing call for transparency and communication. Nigerians want to know that their leaders are listening to them, that their concerns are being heard. The lack of this connection has often fueled rumors, conspiracy theories, and a general sense of disillusionment with the political process.

If Tinubu does eventually seek a second term, his success will largely depend on how the rest of his current term plays out. Can his administration steer the country toward economic recovery? Will the sacrifices being made now pay off in the long run? These are the questions on the minds of many Nigerians, and they will need clear answers before 2027.

For now, the mere mention of the 2027 election is enough to send shivers down the spines of many. It is not just the fear of what lies ahead, but the reality of what they are living through now. For the sake of millions of Nigerians, the hope is that the hardships they are enduring today will lead to a better tomorrow. But that hope is fragile, and time is running out for Tinubu to prove that his administration is capable of delivering on its promises.

Until then, the question remains: Can Nigeria survive another four years under Bola Ahmed Tinubu, or is the thought of a second term simply too much to bear? As Nigerians anxiously await the answer, the fear of the unknown looms large.

I recently witnessed two divorce cases in court that made me feel sad for the institution of marriage and its present state in today’s world. In the first case, the husband initiated the divorce on the grounds that his wife had called his late mother a witch and accused her of poisoning her. In the second case, the wife filed for divorce, citing instances of domestic violence.

What is peculiar about both of these cases is that, in the first, when the Honourable Justice asked the lawyers whether they had made efforts to reconcile the two parties, the wife’s lawyer said his client was open to reconciliation, but the husband was not. In the second case, the Honourable Justice asked a similar question, but this time, the husband was open to reconciliation while the wife said she could no longer endure being the man’s “punching bag.”

Although both grounds for divorce are understandable—I, for one, would not tolerate insults toward the woman who carried me in her womb for nine months, nor would I tolerate domestic violence against my sister or daughter—what is heartbreaking is how these people, who were once in love, now cannot even see eye to eye. To think that neither party felt reluctant about revealing the other’s secrets in court: indeed, love can make the strangest enemies out of two people.

In the first case, the wife brought their daughter to court, but the latter was excused as the proceedings were about to begin to spare her the emotional trauma of seeing her parents in the witness box, tearing each other apart. As the young girl made her way out of the court, I couldn’t help but feel the weight of the situation. Watching her parents’ love unravel in such a public and painful way must have been an unimaginable burden for her. It highlighted the collateral damage caused when marriages break down.

These cases reflect the painful reality that when marriages fail, it not only affects the couple but also those around them, especially children. In both cases, the women complained about how the fathers had essentially abandoned the children, leaving the responsibility of caring for them entirely in their hands.

Sadly, Nigeria happens to be among the countries with the highest divorce rates, according to recent statistics from Divorce.com, a United States website that provides a platform for couples navigating life before or after divorce. The website placed Nigeria eleventh on its list of twenty-six countries with high divorce rates, stating that Nigeria’s divorce rate reached 2.9 percent in 2023. This translates to 1.8 divorces per 1,000 people in the same year.

What’s even more troubling is that this high divorce rate exists despite the fact that both Islam and Christianity strongly frown upon divorce. The Prophet Muhammad (SAW) was quoted as saying, “The most hated of permissible things in the eyes of Allah is divorce.” Unfortunately, divorce has become very common among the Muslim community today. Similarly, conservative Christians, who traditionally discouraged divorce, now increasingly see it as a better alternative to domestic violence and infidelity.

Divorce.com also noted that in a country like Nigeria, the stability of a marriage primarily depends on factors like religion, extended family ties, and cultural values. Marriage is highly valued, and the stigmatization of divorce helps sustain the intense social pressure to maintain marriages, even in the face of difficulties.

However, times are changing. For one, conservative Christians, who have long frowned upon divorce and encouraged couples to seek reconciliation, now increasingly see it as a better option than domestic violence and infidelity. Additionally, Divorce.com mentioned that in some parts of Nigeria, if a marriage requires paying a substantial amount of money—commonly known as the “bride price”—to the bride’s family, maternal relatives will try to keep the union from falling apart to avoid returning the bride price.

Again, the passage of time has brought paradigm shifts. The reduction of stigma surrounding divorce and the growing financial independence of women have made a difference. Many women no longer see domestic violence as something to be endured, especially when it occurs frequently and places them at risk of significant physical injury, mental and emotional trauma, and, in some extreme cases, the loss of their own lives. As such, more women now find it easier to seek divorce as a measure of finality rather than as a last resort.

This points to a deeper societal issue, where marital discord and a lack of responsibility after separation seem to be growing trends. At the end of the day, it is the children—products of failed marriages—who bear the heaviest burden, as they are forced to navigate life amidst the chaos of their parents’ broken union.

Reports have shown that children raised in broken homes are more likely to face emotional, behavioral, and academic challenges. They often struggle with feelings of abandonment, insecurity, and confusion, which can affect their development and future relationships. An African proverb says that when two elephants fight, it is the grass that suffers. That perfectly captures the reality when a marriage falls apart and a family is broken.

A particularly painful reality for children of broken homes—especially girls—is the stigma they face. In many Nigerian communities, women from broken homes are often unfairly judged. I remember when I wanted to marry, one of the excuses my father and his relatives gave was that the lady’s mother was not in her father’s house. This belief reflects a common stereotype that when a marriage fails, it’s often blamed on the woman’s “awful attitude,” while no one questions the role the man may have played in the breakdown. This bias is deeply rooted and perpetuates unhealthy attitudes toward both women and marriage itself. Imagine the reverse scenario: would a man face such scrutiny for coming from a broken home? Likely not, and that speaks to the unfairness that persists in how divorce is perceived in society.

If you type the question “Why do marriages fail?” into a Google search bar, you will be presented with results from several sites dealing with psychology or marriage. These results might include a lack of love and intimacy, communication problems, lack of commitment, constant arguing or conflict, infidelity, domestic violence and abuse, financial problems, religious differences, and sexual incompatibility. However, these are all just common factors. Every marriage is a unique system with peculiar dynamics holding it up, so the dissolution of one might differ slightly from another, even if they share similar causes for said dissolution.

I have thought about how finding out the root causes of failed marriages could help our society, but the more I have thought about this, the more I realized that the most important question of all, which should be asked before a marital knot is tied, is: “Why should I even be getting married in the first place?” It would not be far-fetched to theorize that many marriages fall apart because partners marry too young and enter marriage with unrealistic expectations about their partner or the marriage itself. When the reality of the strain that marriage induces eventually sets in, these people are often caught unawares and left scrambling for solutions or a way out.

A society that works to unravel the mystery of growing divorce rates is a progressive one. If anyone asks why it is so important that we care about marriages, I might simply tell them that most of the people who turn out bad on the streets—and even off it—could have been saved. Think about it. A child raised in a two-parent household with discipline and love is more likely to emerge as a wholesome individual, especially one willing to contribute positively towards society.

Perhaps marriages fail because, as human beings, we fail to see just how much work goes into sustaining a good home. Conflict is inevitable in any relationship, but resolution is never impossible. Of course, domestic violence and abuse are inexcusable. Anyone who is constantly being abused within a marriage should be encouraged to leave for their own good, whether children are involved or not. In the end, we should look to a solid source for answers: the successful marriages still thriving in our society. There are couples who have been together for decades and are still going strong. If we ask these couples how they managed to stay together despite the odds, their invaluable answers might not be all that surprising.

In the fast-paced world of entertainment, not everyone who enters the spotlight remains relevant or manages to strike a balance between personal and professional growth. However, for Regina Daniels, a remarkable Nollywood actress, producer, and philanthropist, her journey has been one of continuous evolution, rising gracefully from the role of a child actress to becoming a queen of the Nigerian entertainment industry. In this article, we celebrate her incredible contributions to Nollywood, her empowering voice for women, and her role as a model of success and growth for the younger generation.

Regina Daniels’ story begins with her remarkable entry into Nollywood at an incredibly young age. Born on October 10, 2000, Regina displayed an undeniable passion for acting even as a child. Encouraged by her mother, Rita Daniels, a prominent figure in Nollywood, Regina made her acting debut at the tender age of seven. Her role in the 2010 movie “Marriage of Sorrow” was met with acclaim, and it marked the start of her journey to stardom.

From that point on, Regina took on various roles that showcased her versatility as an actress. Whether playing the innocent child or a character thrust into complex and emotional situations, she displayed a level of talent far beyond her years. This early success in Nollywood made Regina a household name in Nigeria and across Africa, and she quickly became one of the most sought-after young actresses in the industry.

As Regina matured both on and off-screen, she sought to expand her role in the entertainment industry. Rather than staying confined to acting, she took the bold step of venturing into film production, displaying an entrepreneurial spirit rarely seen at such a young age. In 2019, she produced her first movie, “The Enemy I Know”, showcasing her ability to not just interpret scripts but to create captivating stories from behind the camera.

Her transition into film production signaled her growing ambition and desire to leave a lasting legacy in the film industry. By producing her own movies, Regina showed that she was more than just a child star; she was evolving into a full-fledged powerhouse in Nollywood. This growth was a testament to her resilience and ability to reinvent herself while staying relevant in an industry where longevity is often elusive.

In 2020, Regina Daniels entered a new phase of her life, becoming a mother. The birth of her son, Munir, was a pivotal moment for her, but instead of stepping back from the limelight, she embraced motherhood with the same grace and poise that had defined her acting career. Regina’s ability to balance her professional life with her role as a mother has been nothing short of inspiring.

For many young women in Nigeria and beyond, Regina’s journey into motherhood while maintaining her career has become a source of inspiration. She represents a new era of empowered women who refuse to sacrifice their dreams or ambitions after starting a family. Instead, she seamlessly blends her personal and professional life, showing that women can have it all, a thriving career, a loving family, and the ability to impact society positively.

Beyond her work in Nollywood, Regina Daniels has also used her platform to make a difference in the lives of others. Her philanthropic endeavors are well-documented, with the actress often engaging in charitable activities that support women, children, and those in need. Through the Regina Daniels Foundation, she has spearheaded several initiatives aimed at empowering the less privileged. One notable initiative is her focus on providing educational opportunities for children, believing that education is the key to a brighter future.

Regina’s philanthropic efforts have earned her widespread admiration and have helped position her as more than just a movie star,  she is a role model for young people who look up to her for inspiration. Her actions have shown that success is not just about personal achievement but also about giving back to the community and using one’s influence for the greater good.

At just 23 years old, Regina Daniels has achieved what many people can only dream of. She has managed to carve out a career that spans acting, production, and philanthropy, all while maintaining her dignity and grace in the public eye. Her journey from a child star to a powerful woman in the entertainment industry is a story that resonates with young Nigerians, particularly women.

Regina represents the idea that age should not be a barrier to success. Whether as a child actress captivating audiences with her performances or as a young mother balancing family life and a thriving career, she has consistently broken down stereotypes and redefined what it means to be a woman in the Nigerian entertainment industry. Her determination to keep growing and evolving is proof that she is not just a star but a beacon of inspiration for those coming after her.

Regina Daniels’ journey is far from over. As she continues to grow, both personally and professionally, her future looks incredibly bright. With more movies under her belt and more philanthropic endeavors in the works, there is no limit to what she can achieve. Her ability to adapt to the ever-changing landscape of Nollywood, combined with her entrepreneurial spirit, ensures that Regina Daniels will remain a prominent figure in the industry for years to come.

In a world where fame can often be fleeting, Regina’s sustained success is a testament to her talent, hard work, and resilience. She stands as a shining example of what it means to pursue one’s dreams with passion and dedication, while also lifting others up along the way.

Regina Daniels is a symbol of youthful talent, ambition, and empowerment. Her journey from a child actress to a Nollywood queen, producer, and philanthropist has been nothing short of extraordinary. By constantly pushing boundaries and embracing new challenges, she has carved a niche for herself that goes beyond the screen. For the next generation of young Nigerians, Regina serves as a reminder that with determination, passion, and hard work, anything is possible.