If you are last seen with a person before the person turns up dead in a circumstance looking like murder, you will be presumed to be the killer of that person. This is known as the doctrine of last seen. This doctrine of last seen, in basic terms, simply means that the law presumes that the person who was last seen with a deceased individual bears full responsibility for their death.

In the case of Madu v State, (2012) LPELR-7867(SC) the Supreme Court declared that this doctrine is indeed of global application, that is to say that this doctrine is applied in most criminal jurisdictions around the world. The apex court stated that in some other jurisdictions, it is called “the last seen theory”. In support of this, the Supreme Court cited an Indian case where the Indian Supreme Court applied and upheld this principle. The Indian case is the case of Rajesh Khanna Vs. State of A.P (2006) 10 SCC 172, where the Indian Supreme Court noted as follows: “The last seen theory, comes into play when the time gap between the point of time when the accused and the deceased were last seen alive and the deceased is found dead is so small that possibility of any person other than the accused being the author of the crime becomes impossible”. 

In the case of NJOKU V. STATE (2012) LPELR-20608(SC), the Supreme Court held that this principle of last seen is usually invoked where there is no explanation as to what happened to or caused the death of a deceased who was last seen in the company of the accused except the accused explains to the satisfaction of the Court as to what really happened or caused the death of the said deceased.

It is noteworthy that the criminal justice system and the evidence act have placed the duty to prove the guilt of an accused beyond a reasonable doubt on the prosecution, so even as this principle of last seen has been judicially noted and serially applied by the court in a plethora of cases, the prosecution still has it as a magnanimous duty to prove before the court that the accused who was last seen in the company of the deceased indeed caused the death of the deceased. When the prosecution has successfully executed this duty of proving beyond reasonable doubt the guilt of the accused, the onus is then shifted to the accused to satisfactorily explain to the court what happened to the deceased or for him to prove his innocence. 

The accused who was last seen at the company of the deceased proving his innocence was the position of the court of appeal in the case of Madu v state (2000) LPELR-9875(CA) when his Lordship, IBRAHIM TANKO MUHAMMAD, JCA stated thus, “…If the prosecution proves the commission of a crime beyond reasonable doubt, the burden of proving reasonable doubt is shifted on to the accused.”

In summary, the doctrine of the last seen or the last seen theory only raises the presumption (although rebuttable) that the last person who was in the company of the deceased caused the death of the deceased and/or if he did not cause the death of the deceased will have a solid explanation as to what caused the death of the deceased.

Stan Alieke is an Abuja based legal practitioner.

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The announcement by the British energy giant, Shell PLC, that it is selling off its operations in Nigeria’s onshore oil and gas sector to a consortium of mostly Nigerian companies is a welcome opportunity for further indigenization of a sector that had long been dominated by foreigners. The transaction bodes well for the industry because Nigerians’ ownership and operatorship of the oil fields will enable local solutions to be deployed to multiple issues peculiar to the Niger Delta. Opening up production with domestic expertise will have multiplier effects in the economy. In this essay, I will explain the various dimensions of the exit of Shell and how it is good for both the company and the country.
I commend President Bola Tinubu for endorsing the transaction after a long delay due to his predecessor’s refusal to approve it. I congratulate the new Nigerian owners of the oil fields as I look forward to improved relations with the host communities.

Shell is selling off its subsidiary, Shell Petroleum Development Company Ltd (SPDC), which has operated in this country for close to a century, to a consortium of five companies, one foreign and four Nigerian-owned. The four are owned and managed by former Shell managers. The consortium, known as Renaissance Africa Energy Company Ltd (RAEC), is made up of ND Western; Aradel Energy; First E&P; Waltersmith and Petrolin. They are paying $2.4 billion for the acquisition, of which $1.3 billion would be paid immediately, and $1.1 billion, primarily relating to prior receivables and cash balances in the business, in a later date. In simple terms, the $1.3 billion is for the oil blocks, while the $1.1 billion is for the use of Shell’s pipelines and Forcados Terminal as well as the use of Shell’s offices and assets in Warri. The chief executive of Renaissance is Tony Attah, former CEO of Nigeria LNG. He leads a strong team of other shell veterans like Samuel Dossou-Aworet (representing ND Western/Petrolin Group); Abdulrazaq Isa (Waltersmith Group); Ademola Adeyemi-Bero (First E&P) and Gbite Falade (Aradel Energy).

But why is Shell quitting the onshore business? Onshore operations have been very problematic to SPDC for a long time. Vandalism of oil pipelines; the attendant oil spills and environmental degradation; community restiveness and now oil theft are the major problems. In addition, the company faced huge costly lawsuits from host communities and embarrassing campaigns from international environmental groups like Greenpeace. The killings of Ogoni 4 and Ogoni 12, including the hanging of Ken Saro-wiwa by the Sani Abacha junta in 1995, resulted in the worst moral nightmare and greatest PR disaster for Shell. The rising wave of oil theft was the last straw that broke the camel’s back, and so in 2012, the company initiated the exit process. We should also note that as far back as over 30 years ago, Shell had started developing its offshore deep-water production, the Bonga oil fields. So, selling off its onshore fields is part of a long-term business decision.

The beauty of this transaction is that Shell is loaning the Renaissance Consortium $1.2 billion to part-pay the $1.3 billion purchase price, and is also providing the Consortium additional finance of $1.3 billion to continue the development of the HA field – the shallow water oil block off Nembe area of Bayelsa State - which supplies gas to NLNG. ‘’I reckon that Shell’s business strategy is to handover 100% of its onshore shallow-water oil fields, which provide the bulk of the feed gas to NLNG, to tested and trusted hands, and in addition, give them money to operate the oilfields too’’, says Engr. Ani Udott, a retired Shell veteran who is not involved in this transaction, but is quite knowledgeable about Nigeria’s oil industry. He added matter-of-factly: ‘’When you have built a reputation of competence and the right rapport with the right people at influential positions, this type of favour lands on your lap. It is a good deal for Shell; and a good deal for the Renaissance guys’’. This deal therefore saves the consortium from the huge headache of sourcing for funds, especially funds of this magnitude, which is one of the major problems indigenous producers continue to confront.

But make no mistake, Shell is not packing up and fleeing Nigeria as some people erroneously believe. It is only selling off one part of its business empire in the country. It is natural for multinational companies to sell off one of its subsidiaries for some strategic business reason. Recently, Union Bank sold off its UK subsidiary to Fidelity Bank because the new owners of Union Bank want to concentrate and grow within Nigeria.

Shell still has three main businesses in Nigeria. They are: SNEPCO (produces oil and gas in the deep-water Gulf of Guinea); Shell Nigeria Gas (provides gas to domestic industrial and commercial customers) and Daystar Power which provides solar power to industrial and commercial users across West Africa. In addition, Shell holds 25.6% stake in NLNG.

The acquisition of SPDC by RAEC has been a long and tedious process. Four Nigerian companies (Seplat, Heirs Oil & Gas; Sahara Energy and ND Western) first bided for it in 2021. As of June, last year, the Renaissance Group and Tony Elumelu’s Heirs Oil & Gas were serious contenders, but Renaissance’s track records, as I have outlined earlier, paid off for them. The fact that Renaissance is led by former Shell stars is also a strong factor.

This deal is coming at a very difficult time in the nation’s energy industry. Nigerians who acquired marginal oil fields many years ago are still struggling financially; many are yet to strike oil and are shackled with huge debt burdens. There are no new investments; technical skills are scarce and expensive and revenues are yet to be realized, yet the government is breathing down on their neck for royalty and tax. It is a tough business. But Renaissance is banking on the fact that they are inheriting very active wells and they are hoping to keep production costs far below SPDC’s.

Shell’s divestment from onshore and shallow-waters production is coming after Eni, ExxonMobil, Chevron and Equinor left. The fact that their assets are being acquired by Nigerians is an indication that our people are now ready to participate actively in the core business of oil exploration and production. But I am surprised that the Buhari administration had refused to approve the Shell-Renaissance deal, thus delaying it for a long time. President Tinubu is allowing the sale to proceed, apparently because he has a better understanding of business than his predecessor.

Many state governors voted themselves humongous pension payments and allowances. Many of the same governors actually chose not to pay the pensions and gratuities for their former workers whilst they were in office. Not less than 20 of them are in the Senate where they also receive jumbo salaries and allowances.

Lagos was the first state to implement a pension law for its former governors. The Lagos State Pension for Ex-Governors was enacted in 2007. Since then, majority of States adopted the Lagos model. But the pension laws for Lagos, Akwa Ibom and Rivers States are the most scandalous.
The details of the pension enjoyed by former Governors of Lagos, Akwa Ibom and Rivers States are set out below:

1. PENSION FOR LAGOS STATE EX-GOVERNORS :

i. Annual Basic Salary: 100% of annual basic salaries of the incumbent governor.

ii. Accommodation: One residential house in Lagos and another in FCT.

iii. Transport: Three cars, two back-up cars and one pilot car every three years.

iv. Furniture: 300% of annual basic salary every two years.

v. House maintenance: 10% of annual basic salary.

vi. Domestic staff: Cook, steward, gardener and other domestic staff (no limit) who shall be pensionable.

vii. Medical: Free medical treatment for ex-governor and members of their families (not just spouses).

viii. Security: Two SSS operatives, one female officer, eight policemen (four each for house and personal security) for the ex-governor.

ix. Personal Assistant: 25% of annual basic salary.

x. Car maintenance: 30% of annual basic salary.

xi. Entertainment: 10% of annual basic salary.

xii. Utility: 20% of annual basic salary.

xiii. Drivers: Pensionable (no limit to number of drivers).

2. PENSION FOR RIVERS STATE EX-GOVERNORS:

i. Annual Basic Salary: 100% of annual basic salaries of the incumbent governor.

ii. Accommodation: One residential house “anywhere of his choice in Nigeria”.

iii.Transport: Three cars every four years.

iv.Furniture: 300% of annual basic salary every four years.

v.House maintenance: 10% of annual basic salary.

vi. Domestic staff: Cook, steward, gardener and other domestic staff (no limit) who shall be non-pensionable.

vii. Medical: Free medical treatment for ex-governor and members of their families (not just spouses and no cap).

viii. Security: Two SSS operatives, four policemen (two each for house and personal security).

ix.Personal Assistant: 25% of annual basic salary.

x. Car maintenance: 30% of annual basic salary.

xi. Entertainment: 10% of annual basic salary.

xii. Utility: 20% of annual basic salary.

xiii. Drivers: Non-pensionable (no limit to number of drivers).

3. PENSION FOR AKWA-IBOM STATE EX-GOVERNORS:

i. Annual Basic Salary: 100% of annual basic salaries of the incumbent governor.

ii. Accommodation: One house not below 5-bed maisonette in either Abuja or Akwa Ibom.

iii. Transport: One car and one utility car every four years.

iv. Furniture: 300% of annual basic salary every four years.

v. Domestic staff: Amount not above N5 million to employ cook, chauffeurs and security.

vi. Medical: Free treatment and spouse not exceeding N100 million per year (this provision will soon be reverted to “free” without limit following outcry).

vii.Security: “Adequate” (not specified).

viii. Personal Assistant: One.

ix. Car maintenance: 300% of annual basic salary.

x. Entertainment: 100% of annual basic salary.

xi. Utility: 100% of annual basic salary.

xii. Drivers: Amount not above N5 million.

xiii. Severance gratuity: 300% annual basic salary.

Conclusions

In the Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project (SERAP) v Attorney-GeneraloftheFederation, (Suit No. FHC/L/CS/1497/2017 and Alhaji Garba Umar v Taraba State Government (Suit No: NICN/JOS/26/2016, the Federal High Court and the National Industrial Court declared as null and void the payment of pension and gratuity to former governors and deputy governors.

In 2022, the Lagos State Government announced the 50 percent reduction in the pension. Senators Daniel and Dankwambo have directed the Governments of Ogun and Gombe to stop paying them the pension since they are receiving salaries and allowances in the National Assembly. The Governments of Kwara, Imo and Zamfara States have abolished the payment of the pension. We call on other state Governments to abolish the pension as soon as possible. Nigeria can no longer afford to pay scandalous pension to ex-governors while workers are owed arrears of meagre pension. Therefore, the pension laws applicable to other public officers should also apply to all ex-governors.

Femi Falana SAN, The Chair, Alliance on Surviving Covid 19 and Beyond (ASCAB)

Software giant, Microsoft, has reported a breach on its system by Russian government-backed hackers known as Midnight Blizzard, with a warning that all organizations now face risks from well-resourced nation-state threat actors.   

The company disclosed this in a filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on Friday.

Microsoft disclosed that the hackers gained access to some of its corporate email accounts, including members of its senior leadership team and employees in its cybersecurity, legal, and other functions. It said the attackers were able to exfiltrate some emails and attached documents from its system.  

According to Microsoft, the hackers who gained access to its system from late November 2023 until they were discovered on January 12, 2024, were targeting information relating to them on Microsoft’s system.  

The filling 

Providing the details of the attack in the SEC filing, Microsoft said: 

• “The Microsoft security team detected a nation-state attack on our corporate systems on January 12, 2024, and immediately activated our response process to investigate, disrupt malicious activity, mitigate the attack, and deny the threat actor further access.  
• Microsoft has identified the threat actor as Midnight Blizzard, the Russian state-sponsored actor also known as Nobelium. As part of our ongoing commitment to responsible transparency as recently affirmed in our Secure Future Initiative (SFI), we are sharing this update.   
• “Beginning in late November 2023, the threat actor used a password spray attack to compromise a legacy non-production test tenant account and gain a foothold, and then used the account’s permissions to access a very small percentage of Microsoft corporate email accounts, including members of our senior leadership team and employees in our cybersecurity, legal, and other functions, and exfiltrated some emails and attached documents.  

Microsoft added that its investigation indicates the attackers were initially targeting email accounts for information related to Midnight Blizzard itself.

The company said it was in the process of notifying employees whose email was accessed. 

Customers not affected 

The company, however, noted that the attack was not the result of a vulnerability in its products or services as customers were not affected. According to Microsoft, to date, there is no evidence that the threat actor had any access to customer environments, production systems, source code, or AI systems. Microsoft said it would notify its customers if any action is required.   

• “This attack does highlight the continued risk posed to all organizations from well-resourced nation-state threat actors like Midnight Blizzard. 
• “As we said late last year when we announced Secure Future Initiative (SFI), given the reality of threat actors that are resourced and funded by nation states, we are shifting the balance we need to strike between security and business risk – the traditional sort of calculus is simply no longer sufficient.  
• “For Microsoft, this incident has highlighted the urgent need to move even faster. We will act immediately to apply our current security standards to Microsoft-owned legacy systems and internal business processes, even when these changes might disrupt existing business processes,” the company stated.   

Microsoft said this would likely cause some level of disruption while it adapts to this new reality, but it is a necessary step, and only the first of several we would be taking to embrace this philosophy.   

 [Nairametrics]

Born in the Netherlands and educated in England, Super Eagles captain William Troost-Ekong has not looked back at the international level since opting to represent Nigeria.

Part of the team that lost to Lionel Messi and Argentina at the 2018 World Cup, Troost-Ekong is currently taking part in his third Africa Cup of Nations and he kept a remarkably cool head to score the decisive penalty in the 1-0 win over hosts Ivory Coast on Thursday.

That result left the three-time continental champions primed to clinch a spot in the last 16 when they play Guinea-Bissau in their last group game in Abidjan on Monday.

“It is so early still, but my belief in the team has stayed the same,” the 30-year-old centre-back, who won his first cap in 2015, told AFP.

“If I look at the players we have now, I think it might be the best team I have played in for Nigeria. That is with all due respect to some of the legends that have been there.”

Amid all the talk of Nigeria’s fearsome attack, spearheaded by African footballer of the year Victor Osimhen, it was Nigeria’s defence that perhaps surprisingly stood out against the Ivorians, with Troost-Ekong marshalling a five-man backline.

“I think we have the most exciting attack in Africa. We have the best player in Africa who is our number nine. But I was not surprised, I think I know what the defenders can do as well and I believe so much in this group,” he said.

“I think we have maybe been underrated a little bit defensively.”

Troost-Ekong, who is wearing boots at the AFCON made from bamboo and other sustainable materials, was born just outside Amsterdam to a Nigerian father and Dutch mother, and was capped at youth level by the Netherlands.

‘Haven’t looked back’
He admits he dreamed of representing the Oranje senior team before a call from Stephen Keshi, then the Super Eagles coach, convinced him to pull on a Nigerian shirt.

“I watched a lot of football with my Dad. He was always watching the Super Eagles, but growing up in Holland, I also dreamt about playing for the Dutch national team,” said the defender, who moved to the UK aged 12 to attend boarding school.

“But when I got the phone call from Stephen Keshi at the time, who was a player and a legend who I watched growing up as a kid, especially as a central defender, I was kind of taken aback, and for him to ask me to play for Nigeria, I didn’t have to think twice.

“I think I said yes before I even had to think about anything or ask anyone because it just felt right, and I haven’t looked back since.

“Something really feels right about playing for Nigeria.”

Troost-Ekong, who has family in the southern city of Uyo as well as in Lagos, spent several months on holiday in Nigeria every year while growing up and says the country “felt very much like home and still does”.

He has turned out for clubs all over Europe, notably playing in Serie A for Udinese and in the English Premier League for Watford.

However, he recently joined leading Greek side PAOK – and opted to offset the carbon from the travel required to complete his transfer in another nod to the environment.

As he settles in Thessaloniki, he is now hoping this year to add some winners medals to the Olympic bronze he won with Nigeria in 2016.

“I have played in Serie A and in England, which are considered probably the top leagues, but for teams that are trying to stay in the league or to survive,” said the player who is so heavily tattooed he claims to have lost count of how many he has.

“Now playing at PAOK it is different because the ambition there is to win the league, win the cup, and win the Europa Conference League.

“I am really enjoying it and I am hopeful that I can add some silverware to my career, here as well as back home.”

[NaijaTimes]

The Police Force Public Relations Officer, Olumuyiwa Adejobi, has urged Nigerians to report anyone seen with live ammunition to curb arms proliferation in Nigeria.

This was contained in a statement shared on Sunday on his official X account.

Sharing a picture of live ammunition, Adejobi said, “These are live ammunition, called “èpà” or “groundnuts” in the street.

“They are deadly, not to be seen with anyone except security agents. Statutory security agents, no other ones.

“If you see them with any friend or civilian, please expose him or her. We need to collectively curb the proliferation of arms and ammunition in Nigeria.”

Recall that the Lagos State Commissioner of Police, CP Adegoke Fayoade on Thursday paraded 34 suspects of crimes including armed robbery, stealing, cultism and unlawful possession of firearms one month into office.

In what Fayoade called a mark of his achievements since taking office, the police commissioner listed no fewer than 14 cases cracked and a recovery of a total of 16 firearms including a toy pistol, 72 live cartridges, 75 live ammunition, one expended cartridge and one pistol magazine.

The police also recovered six axes, four daggers, one digger, five cutlasses, two vehicles, one POS Machine, fake registration plates and various charms.

[Punch]

Former Minister of Transportation Rotimi Chibuike Amaechi has urged Nigerian youths seeking relocation from the country to consider opportunities they have in Nigeria and stay back.

In an interview with Arise TV, the former Rivers State Governor claimed that there are juicy opportunities back in Nigeria that those seeking greener pastures in other countries may not have.

According to him, there are possibilities of someone to suddenly emerge as a leader in the country.

He said, “I’ve always discouraged the people who want to leave the country. I say, if you want a 9 to 5, yes you can always get that when you leave the country, but you can never get the opportunity we have in Nigeria.

“You can just wake up one day, you become a minister and you can just wake up one day and you become a governor. It just happens. So, if you are looking for opportunities, please stay back in Nigeria but if you are looking for a 9 to 5, then you can go.”

The former presidential aspirant also blamed the country’s economy for the ravaging crimes in Nigeria.

According to him, the Nigerian economy is too small and cannot accommodate everybody, leading to robbery and other crimes.

“If all of us start working in Shell now, there would be no time to go and rob or kill because you leave at 6am and by the time you come back at 6pm, you will be tired, so, my advice to them is to get your degree if you can and if you can’t, well, I am lucky”, he added.

[DailyPost]

Big calamities seldom knock before opening the door. Calamities’ sneaky essence is articulated in one song by grand old Odolaye Aremu, Ilorin, Kwara State-born Dadakuada song minstrel. While philosophizing the concept of calamity, which Yoruba call “eemo”, Odolaye sang that surprise and swiftness are primary features of calamities, holding tight to them like leaches. So he sang, “Peki laa k’eemo,” (calamity is met suddenly). The singer points at horses used in races and in ancient wars meeting their own end unprepared during races. It is the same with soldiers who mount horses and ride them to death. Odolaye sang that, as sudden death pounces upon warhorses, so also do buffalos meet their end in the treacherous thickets of the savannah.

Last week, though not racing on horses nor does it have anything in similarity with buffalos, calamity swiftly walked into the capital of Oyo State and like Odolaye aptly dissected it, it was sudden. It came with its handmaidens – weeping, wailing and gnashing of teeth. Residents of Bodija, Ibadan suddenly heard a late evening loud bang which reverberated round many parts of the ancient city. By the time the bang settled, lives had been lost, property destroyed and Ibadan suddenly became an epicentre of bad New Year news. Buildings were reduced to rubbles, vehicles destroyed and yet-to-be ascertained number of people killed by the explosion. Preliminary investigation found out that this calamity was the handiwork of some Malian miners who lived there. They had allegedly brought in high-level dynamite into a human neighbourhood. As at the time of writing this, official sources put the number of dead at five while excavation of bodies was still being done. One of the dead was said to be a United Kingdom returnee who met his untimely death while visiting. Mining activities have become harbingers of “eemo”in Nigeria’s lucrative mining fields, Zamfara State being an earlier example. In this state, foreigners perch on gold sites like bees on nectar with its attendant incubation of banditry.

Still on the sneaky bang of calamities, Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory, also witnessed an implosion in the number of kidnapped persons. From January 2021 to June 30, 2023, 40 kidnap cases were said to have been recorded in the FCT, with heart-wrenching 236 victims. The modus operandi of the kidnappers has today witnessed a mutation. Before now, waylaying commuters on the highway and ferrying them into the bush to demand ransom was the style. Today, under President Bola Tinubu, kidnappers have gone haywire. They are daring and disrespectful of Abuja as Nigeria’s seat of government. So, kidnappers boldly walk into people’s homes to cart away their victims without batting an eyelid. Nigeria is under the siege of bandits who have terrorized the country non-stop, castrating government’s expected proactive interventions and reducing successive governments to, in the words of Yakubu Dogara, mourners-in-chief. On the Abuja–Kaduna highway last week, about 30 people were said to have been abducted at Dogon-Fili near Katari, along the Kaduna-Abuja highway in Kachia Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Eleven other persons were kidnapped in the Dutse-Alhaji area of the FCT, Abuja. Those who dispensed “eemo”to these fellow Nigerians and their families were gunmen dressed in the camouflage of military men, while the kidnappers dressed like herders.

The most pathetic and tear-jerking narration from the Dutse-Alhaji kidnap came from Oladosu Ariyo, lawyer and father of a slain 13-year-old. In an SOS that brimmed with frustration, pain and sorrow, Ariyo wrote to the Nigerian Bar Association to narrate the calamity that suddenly walked into his dwelling place. He narrated how the band of kidnappers invaded Sagwari Layout Estate in Dutse, kidnapped his lawyer wife and four children. They promptly demanded N60 million ransom. Being able to pay only a small percentage of the ransom, the kidnappers killed his first born and dumped the corpse on Kaduna Road. They have threatened to kill the three other minor children and his wife if the whole ransom was not paid. They were said to have so far killed three of the eleven residents of the Sagwari Estate Layout in the Dutsen-Alhaji area they abducted.

The most immediate issue that the kidnaps evoke, bringing to the fore, is the disconcerting reality that kidnappings have gone outside the grips of the Nigerian government. Often orchestrated by persons who don military uniforms and inflict havocs recklessly for hours on citizens, this calamity has persisted since the Muhammadu Buhari government. It was often followed by official denials especially during the Buhari era. That government was in a seeming legitimization of the infliction of violence and death on the people. States that border and surround the FCT like Niger, Kogi, Nasarawa and Plateau states had been hotbeds of kidnaps and wanton killings since the Buhari government. In saner climes and environments, this proximity is enough indication and foretell of imminent preying on the FCT by the bloodthirsty hounds called kidnappers and bandits. For a proactive and sensitive national security apparatus, mechanism to arrest the imminent descent on Abuja ought to be on the drawing board, even before they struck. Unfortunately, in Abuja, unlike many civilized cities of the world, there are no statistics of ingress and egress into and outside the national capital. In the same vein, the census of landlords who live in the various suburbs of the city remains an illusion.

The issue of absence of governance is apparently the cause of the spike in insecurity in Abuja and other parts of Nigeria. If you bore a hole through it, you will find corruption as well. There is also no doubting the fact that national security inertia juts out as core issue in the Ibadan blast. Why would such destructive dynamites pass through the cordon of security agencies to wreak such havocs? Apart from those issues, existential matters are also trapped in the spate of kidnappings in Abuja and the blast in Ibadan. The existential issues come in rhetorical questions. Why must it be Oladosu Ariyo and his family who must be abducted that night at Dutsen-Alhaji and not other families? Why was the UK returnee who met his untimely death in the Ibadan blast the one who must die? Why didn’t he delay his journey by some days, to arrive Ibadan after the blast? Why did that calamity zero in on those who died? Why was Bodija the scene where the dynamites must explode and not elsewhere? These are questions that have defied satisfactory answers to humanity, science and religion. They have been asked consistently since the beginning of creation.

The above questions have procreated a set of people called fatalists who believe that human beings are helpless about the future, as well as the fortune or calamities that come to them. In Yoruba epistemology, this fatality is expressed as “ayanmo” or predestination. Its similar variants are “Kadara,” which is strictly identical with destiny. Kadara is woven round the concept of ‘Ori’ or the bearer of one’s destiny. The third of the tripod is called “Akosile” which holds that every individual’s destiny, as well as all that will happen to them in their life journey, are already written down in heaven before human beings begin to journey down to earth. An affirmation of this is mirrored in the saying “Ori yeye ni Mogun, ipin aise lo po,” literally translated to mean, among the dry skulls at the Mogun shrine are many innocent heads.

The “Ori yeye…”narration, best explained by an anecdote said to have taken place a long time ago, apparently in pre-colonial Yoruba, has a few other slants different from the one below. The king of a town called Otolu had his trumpet called Kakaki stolen by persons or person he couldn’t fathom. The trumpet was a monarchical insignia used during ancestral festivals and was blown to announce the imminence of the festival. Upon the disappearance of the trumpet, Oba Otolu summoned his seventeen servants for explanation on the missing ancestral trumpet. Each swore his innocence but, miffed, literally spitting fire from his mouth like Sango, the king ordered the servants to be beheaded by the Ogun shrine. A few months after their decapitation, an Oba Otolu king friend in the neighbouring town apprehended two of his aides who were in possession of the trumpet and sent them to the Otolu king. Upon interrogation, they confessed that the heir to the Otolu throne, the king’s son, had handed it over to them. The king then ordered the beheading of the prince and the two culprits. As they were about to be decapitated at the Ogun shrine, pensive, the Otolu king muttered, pained about the shedding of innocent people’s blood thus, “See the number of heads of innocent persons we wrongly beheaded at the Mogun shrine!” The king was said to have committed suicide upon arriving the palace.

So, were those seventeen palace servants fated to be beheaded by the Orolu king? Was it their “ayanmo” (destiny)to die such gory, painful deaths? The Yoruba concept of the human person believes every human being has an ayanmo which can be positively or negatively manipulated by the nature of the head (Ori) which the person brought into this world. Thus, if an ayanmo is lopsided, resulting in failure of efforts, the Ori can help restructure the person’s destiny. This is why they say destiny has no remedy but Ori is the judge, “ayanmo o gb’ogun, ori l’elejo.”

Destiny, as articulated by Professor Segun Gbadegesin in his “Eniyan: The Yoruba Concept of a Person” in The African Philosopher Reader,edited by P.H Coetzee and A. P Roux., Routledge (New York, 1998) P.144, is “pre-ordained portion of life wound and sealed up on Ori.” According to him, “Human beings have an allotment of… destiny which determines the general course of life.” Bolaji Idowu, however sees the Ori as a complete human personality who came before Olodumare (God) shortly before departing for this world. The human knelt down before Him for allotment of his own destiny and was open to what is called “trimorphous conception of destiny.” This is in three and they are, Akunleyan (destiny got when kneeling down to choose); Akunlegba (destiny got when kneeling down to receive) and Ayanmo (irrevocably stamped on the person).

Some of these beliefs, made into proverbs, aphorisms, mores and lore are predicated on predestination. For instance, an ancient wise-saying say that a tree will not fall in the forest and kill one who sits at home; and the rafter will not fall and kill the wayfarer (igi o ni da, k’o pa’ra ile; aja o ni jin k’o pa ero ona). Almost in line with this epistemology are the teachings of the two dominant religions, Christianity and Islam. They also believe that human beings are destined for some of the fates that befall them. However, as architects of their fates, human beings can tinker with their destinies through the worship of God. The third leg of this belief system is a doctrine called fatalism. Held by fatalists, they believe, without recourse to theology, that human beings are powerless to tinker with their future. They also hold that anything that happens to human beings is not within their human remit to change.

Many people have tried to examine why African leaders seem to cavalierly allow calamities befall their people rather than taking proactive measures to ensure that they do not occur. I tend to think that this thinking by governments is an outcome of a very injurious but longstanding romance with theological submissions about calamities, as well as traditional Africa’s explanation of predestination. Data have proven that the more religiously or traditionally inclined government runners are, the sloppy it becomes for them to do the needful in safeguarding the lives of their people. The Buhari government, for instance, was too steeped in this belief in God-ordained nature of human calamities that it firmed out the most important of its governmental responsibilities to God. Most times, it called on God to help it attack its attackers which is downright senseless.

Many events that happen in this modern age perforate some of the traditional African theses we have held for centuries. The Ibadan dynamite blast of last Tuesday is one. Contrary to a saying cited above, trees are now falling in the forest and killing people who sit in their homes; and rafters are falling, killing wayfarers in the process. The Ibadan blast attests to these. If the Tinubu government will not follow the footsteps of Buhari’s and thus be less fatalistic in its security architecture master-plan, it should not be rocket science to exterminate kidnappers and be victorious over the menace of kidnapping. It is penny-wise pound-foolish removing subsidy on petrol, with its attendant hardships on the people, then extending national pain by yawning while insecurity takes over national capital. The truth is, if the FCT could be this unsafe, with information of its porosity to evildoers available all over the world, no investor will come to Nigeria.

Tinubu must urgently reduce the frequency of calamities in Nigeria by tackling insecurity frontally. By doing this, he will be redrawing the map of the sneakiness of calamities in Nigeria. Above all, he will render Odolaye Aremu’s thesis on calamity (eemo) and its suddenness (peki) irrelevant.